human nutrition

• Carbohydrates • Proteins • Water • Fiber • Mineral ions (eg, calcium and iron) • Vitamins • Fats

fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potatoes provide energy

avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish provide energy

meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts growth and repair

oranges, red peppers, kale, broccoli maintains healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage and bones helps with wound healing

salmon, cheese, eggs helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, necessary to keep teeth, bones and muscles healthy

milk, sardines, broccoli, kale, okra, spinach strengthens bones and teeth, and helps with muscle contraction and clotting of wounds

red meat, beans, nuts production of haemoglobin for red blood cells

cereals, vegetables, fruit, brown rice, nuts, potatoes helps digestion, and helps to move food and faeces along the gut associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer

water and other drinks about 60% of body mass is water, and it is needed in almost every process

lack of vitamin C

lack of vitamin D

taking substances (food and drink) into the body through the mouth

breaking food down into nutrients

the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are needed

passing out food that has not been digested or absorbed

breaking down of food into smaller pieces without any chemical change (in the mouth and stomach where muscles in the stomach contract)

breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into small, soluble molecules, with the help of enzymes (in the mouth, stomach and small intestine)

mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus

ileum, duodenum

colon, rectum

• Mouth • Salivary glands • Oesophagus • Liver • Stomach • Gall blader • Pancreas • Small intestine - ileum duodenum • Large intestine - colon rectum anus

produces saliva. Saliva mixes with ingested food so that it is softer and easier to swallow. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which helps in breaking down starch into simple reducing sugars