bonding

outer electrons

because their outer main levels are full so have no need to react

they will share or transfer electrons to gain a more stable electron configuration like noble gases - be jelly!!!

between oppositely charged ions and they will transfer their electrons from metal to non metal shells to obtain the full main outer level

the metal will become positively charged - looses an electron - cation the non- metal will become negatively charged gains the electrons from the metal - an anion

electrostatic forces of attraction

• solids at room temp • brittle - this is because of the oppositely charged ions and a blow in the wrong direction could cause the ions to come into contact that have like charged • only conduct electricity when molten

because of their macromolecular ionic lattice and the large electrostatic forces of attraction between the ions the amount of energy required to overcome these forces is so large so it will remain solid until large amount of energy is applied.

because when in their giant ionic lattice delocalised electrons are not free to move throughout the structure but when it becomes molten or aqueous the soltion provide a place for delocalised electrons to carry charge

bonding between a shared pair of electrons in a non-metal

electrostatic

low bpt and mpt - this is because strong covalent bonds are only between the atoms WITHIN MOLECULES - poor conductors of elec - because the molecules are overall neutral and there are no delocalised electrons to carry charge throughout no structure! • even if the molecules dissolve into an aqueous solution they will not comduct elec because the molecules will remain molecules

in most covalent bonding the shared pair of electrons will come from both atoms but in coordinate bonding it comes only from one atom

the atom that is donating a pair of electrons to an electron deficient atom will donate a LONE PAIR to complete the outer shell

no, though the electrons are only gifted from one atom the shape will be unaffected

from the lone pair to where it is going

coordinate bonds are charged whereas the covalent bonds are not

a lattice of positive ions existing in a sea of outer electrons - these outer electrons are delocalised which means they are not tied to a particular atom and so area ble to carry charge easily throughout the structure

how many electrons have been lost by each metal atom

• good conductors of heat and electricity • malleable - can be beaten into shape ductile - can be pulled into thin wires metals are ductile nad malleable because after small distortion ecah metal ion is still in the same environment so the new shape will be retained high mpt - because they have a giant structures and there is a strong attraction between the metal ions and the delocalised sea of electrons which will make the atoms difficult to separate

the power of an atom to attract the electron density towards itself within a covalent bond

the equal sharing of electrons that are bonded together covalently

• nuclear charge • the distance between the nucleus and the outer shell shielding of the nuclear charge by electrons in the inner shell.

increases across a period and up a group so the most electronegative element is fluorine 4.0 woohoo