Chemistry of cells
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carbon molecules can form large _________
Polymers
What do the properties of organic molecules allow cells to do
Allows cells to grow, reproduce, and perform life functions
What are atoms made of
Protons and electrons
Covalent bond
electrons shared
Polar
uneven sharing
non polar
even sharing
ionic
electrons stolen
bond strength in water
covalent > ionic > hydrogen
What is important in aqueous solutions
weak noncovalent bonds
what happens when hydrogen electrons are shared unequally
protons H+ of a compound dissociate
What is H+ attracted to and what does it form
Attracted to H2O and forms hydronium ions
What compound easily loses H+ in water that causes the concentration of H3O to increase
Acids
What compound accepts protons (H+) in water which decreases the concentration of H3O
Bases
Accumulation of acids or bases in cells causes what to shift
The pH
What do cells have to prevent rapid pH changes
Buffers
Why is buffering necessary
because many enzymes and cell processes depend on proper pH conditions
What do buffering compounds in cells include
amino acids, phosphates, carbonates, and other compounds
What are the useful properties of carbon
small element, forms four stable covalent bonds, carbons can link together and form different shapes
Compounds that have carbon as their backbone are
organic compounds (also have hydrogen)
What are compounds called that lack hydrogen or are non carbon based
inorganic
What are the four families of small organic molecules
-sugars -fatty acids -amino acids -nucleotides
What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for sugars
Polysaccharides, glycoren, and starch
What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for fatty acids
Fats and membrane lipids
What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for amino acids
proteins