2.2.16 - Hybridization
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What does hybridization explain?
why we see the shapes of the molecules
What is hybridization?
the mixing of atomic orbitals to create a new set of hybrid orbitals that are equivalent and show bonding shapes
What happens before bonding?
an excitation of an electron
What happens during the excitation of an electron before bonding?
in C for example, an electron from the full 2s orbital jumps to the empty 2pz orbital so that each orbital in the 2nd energy level has one electron
What do the new orbitals have to be for bonding to occur?
exactly the same from one another but different from the original orbitals
Compared to original orbitals, what is different about hybrid orbitals?
energies, shapes, and orientations in space
What does having different energies, shapes and orientations allow for hybrids?
stronger bonds by allowing more overlap
How many orbitals come out if x amount are put in?
x (same out as in)
What are the 3 kinds of hybridization based on Carbon?
1 x s + 3 x p, 1 x s + 2 x p , 1 x s + 1 x p
What are the hybridized orbitals when it is 1 x s + 3 x p from the second energy level?
2sp3
What shape and bonding angles results with sp3 hybridized orbitals?
tetrahedral, 109.5 bonding angles
How do the major and minor structures compare to one another in sp3 hybridized orbitals?
they are the same
In essence, what does an sp3 hybridized level look like on an electron configuration diagram?
4 orientations together
What does a 1 x s + 2 x p hybridization result in?
sp2 hybridized orbitals
What shape and bond angles do sp2 hybridized orbitals result in?
trigonal planar, 120 bond angles
In Carbon, what happens to the one electron that is not hybridized in an sp2 hybridization?
it forms pi bonds (because it is in the p sublevel)
Where does the double bond come from when two carbons form a double bond?
one bond from the pi bond (with the unhybridized electrons), and one bond from the sp2 hybridized orbitals
What does 1 x s + 1 x p result in after hybridization?
sp orbitals
when does Carbon usually form sp orbitals?
when it undergoes triple bonds
What does the resulting electron configuration diagram look like after sp hybridization for Carbon?
there are 2 orientation for the 2sp orbitals and, at a slightly higher energy, there are 2 orientations (y,z) for the 2p orbitals
How do triple bonds form from sp hybridization?
a Sigma bond is formed from 2 sp orbitals, then two pi bonds are formed from the two orientations of the p orbitals from each C atom
what arrangement do sp orbitals result in?
linear arrangement