Unit 4 Terms

the process of metabolizing macromolecules to store energy in the form of ATP. It requires Oxygen and releases Carbon Dioxide.

-Nose and nasal Passages -Pharynx (upper throat) -Epiglottis -Larynx (anterior to esophagus) -Trachea (branches into 2 bronchi) -Bronchi (branch into smaller tubes) -Lungs -Bronchioles -Alveoli (air sacs) -Diaphragm

-Contain cilia and mucous. -mucus catches bacteria -Cilia moves mucous toward pharynx to be swallowed and digested.

is a common passageway for food and air.

open to allow air into larynx, and guards airways to prevent food from entering.

the voice box. contains vocal chords, glottis, that vibrate with expelled air.

walls are reinforced with c-shaped rings of cartilage that keeps the tube open during breathing. Lined with ciliated mucosa that beat continually in the opposite direction of air flow.

leads into the lungs and contains warm, clean, humidified air.

surround by two pleura (membranes) that allow lungs to glide over thoracic wall.

are the last and smallest branch of bronchi, and are reinforced with cartilage.

are at the end of every bronchioles. -respiratory membrane (exchange of o2 and co2) -surrounded by capillaries -one cell layer thick -pores connect alveoli (alternate path for air)

Pulmonary Ventilation. Air moves in and out of lungs to refresh air in alveoli. -volume changes lead to pressure changes which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure. -brain detects rate of breathing by responding to internal stimuli that indicate how much o2 to body needs.

Oxygen diffuses across moist surface of lungs into blood vessels. Carbon dioxide leaves.

-O2 is transported in the blood to tissues from lungs. -CO2 is transported from tissues to lungs.

Tissues take oxygen from blood and release CO2 into blood.

the part of an animal where oxygen diffuses into the animals and Co2 diffuses into the environment.

-diaphragm contracts -chest cavity expands, which causes lungs to expand. -Air moves into lungs

passive process -diaphragm relaxes -decreases chest cavity which causes lungs to recoil. -air flows out of lungs

-Oxygen -Nutrients -Cell Wastes -Hormones -Other

Closed system meaning blood is contained to vessels. -Heart -Blood vessels -Blood -Lymphatic System

Contains 4 chambers, 4 valves, and two systems regulate contractions to move blood, autonomic nervous system and nodal system.

Double walled sac surrounding the heart.

Blood storage and pumping. -Two atria superior to two ventricles separated by septums. -Atria involved in receiving blood from body/lungs -Ventricles involved in propelling blood out of heart to body/lungs.

Allow the blood to flow in one direction. -Tricuspid -Pulmonary -Mitral (bicuspid) -Aortic