Systems

A set of metabolic processes in cells that convert chemical energy from organic molecules into energy the cell can use in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) ——> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (H2O) + Energy (ATP)

Adenine (nitrogenous base) Sugar ribose 3 phosphate groups

The breakdown of a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid, releasing energy to form 2 ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and DOESNT NOT require oxygen

When there is no oxygen Available

When oxygen is available

STAGE 1: glycolysis (2ATP) STAGE 2: fermentation -2 pyruvic molecules —> lactic acid - lactic acid is taken t the liver -lactic acid + oxygen—> glucose —> glycogen - oxygen debt occurs and must be ‘repaid’ WHERE ITS FOUND: cytosol ATP: 2 ATP

STAGE 1: glycolysis (2ATP) STAGE 1.1: - 2 pyruvic molecules —> acetyl coenzyme (CoA) by removing a CO2 STAGE 2: citric acid/ kerbs cycle - the acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle where the carbon atoms are released in CO2 (one product if cellular respiration) (2ATP) STAGE 3: electron transport system - electrons are the passed between molecules resulting in oxygen becoming water (2nd product of cellular respiration) (34ATP) WHERE ITS FOUND: mitochondria TOTAL ATP: 38 ATP

Specialised to facilitate in in take of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

• ) nose and nasal cavity • ) pharynx • ) trachea • ) bronchi • ) bronchioles • ) alveoli • ) lungs

STRUCTURE: - convoluted - lined with mucus, membranes and hairs FUNCTION: - warm and humidify air - trap debris (dust)

STRUCTURE: - region tween nasal cavity and the top of the trachea and oesophagus FUNCTION: - passage way for air before being diverted to the trachea by the epiglottis

STRUCTURE: - c- shaped cartilage rings - epithelial lining with mucus - contains cilia FUNCTION: - carries air into and out of the lungs - traps dust and debris

STRUCTURE: - contains cartilage - primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi FUNCTION: - take air into different parts of the lungs

STRUCTURE: - smooth muscle and elastin - contains cilia FUNCTION: - controls the flow of air in the lungs - expand when body needs oxygen - tap contaminants

STRUCTURE: - ting air sacs in clusters - make up most of the lungs FUNCTION: - functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

STRUCTURE: - two lungs (left has 2 lobes, right has 3 lobes) - covered in pieural fluid - contain alveoli - surrounded by diaphragm FUNCTION: - allows lungs to slide along the chest wall (pieural fluid) - sire of gases moving between the blood in capillaries and air in the alveoli

The process of air moving in an out of the lungs

The process of taking air into the lungs

The process of taking air out of your lungs

• ) diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract • ) volumes of the chest cavity increases to expand • ) air pressure inside is LOWER than outside • ) air flows in until pressure becomes equal 

• ) diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax • ) volume of the chest cavity decreases causing lungs to contract • ) air pressure inside the lungs as HIGHER than outside the lungs • ) air flows out until pressure is equal

LARGE INTERNAL SURFACE AREA: large amounts of gases can be exchanged through diffusion in a relatively short amount of time BLOOD SUPPLY FROM CAPILLARIES: as much blood as possible is close to the air in the alveoli THIN WALLS: only one cell thick. Small distance for gas molecules (O2 and CO2) to travel when moving in and out of the blood

The transport medium between the cells of all the body systems.