5.1-5.11

a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

strait chained, branched or cyclic hydrocarbons that don’t contain aromatic groups

hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but successive members differ by CH2

1s2, 2s2, 2p2. one of the electrons in the electron pair in the 2s orbital can be promoted to the 2p orbital (hybridisation). this gives four unpaired electrons that can form covalent bonds

count the Carbons in the longest chain name each attached alkyl group number each carbon in the longest chain so that the first attached group has the smallest number each alkyl group is named in alphabetical order

unreactive (due to strong non polar bonds) react with oxygen in combustion reactions react with halogens in the presence of UV light

the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon can be found the mass/volume of CO2 and H2O given off are measured calculate the moles of CO2 and H2O. moles of C = moles of CO2. Moles of H = 2* moles of H2O. find the smallest whole number ratio of these two values

it binds to haemoglobin preventing oxygen from being carried around the body. this causes oxygen deprivation which can be fatal

this only applies if a branched hydrocarbon has the same molecular formula (e.g. C4H10). the branching causes molecules to be unable to pack together as tightly, reducing surface area of contact. this causes weaker induced dipole-dipole forces

longer chains are less volatile and have higher viscosity. this is due to stronger induced dipole-dipole forces. they don’t dissolve in polar solvents

series of hydrocarbons that are unsaturated. C=C functional group general formula C(n)H(2n) more reactive than alkanes

alkenes have two fewer electrons due to the double bond. this means the induced dipole-dipole interaction is weaker

an electron pair acceptor

• arrow from C=C bond to the δ+ part of the electrophile. electrons in electrophile bond to the δ- part. (double headed arrows) • the C=C bond becomes a X-C-C+ where X is the δ+ part of the electrophile. the electron pair on the δ- part goes the the C+. (double headed arrow) • this forms X-C-C-X where X is each part of the electrophile

the uneven split of a covalent bond. one atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

the carbon-carbon double bond induces temporary polarisation within the molecule.

the atom from the electrophile can join either of the carbons in the double bond. e.g. the reaction of but-1-ene and HBr can form 1-bromoButane or 2-bromoButane. this only applies if the alkene is not symmetrical

a molecule with a positively charged carbon ion.

the major product will be the one where the carbocation has the most alkyl groups attached. this is because it’s more stable. (e.g. 1-bromoButane is the minor product and 2-BromoButane is the major)

a long chain molecule made from many smaller molecules joined together

the small molecules that join together to form a polymer

the formation of polymers from monomers joining together with no by products

Display formula of monomers is drawn but the alkyl groups attached to the Carbons in the C=C bond are attached in structural formula form. its put in square brackets that have lines through them (represent the bonding to other monomers). there is an ‘n’ at the bottom right corner outside the brackets (represents the number of monomers in the polymer chain)