Chapter 1
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Evidence
Anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact. Evidence can include documents, testimony, and other objects.
Ballistics
The science that deals with the motion, behavior, and affects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets
Odontology
In forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses
Pathology
Investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death
The study of insects
entomology
The study of pollen and spores
Palynology
The use of the lie detector
Polygraphy
Statutory law
legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something
the body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents
case law
case law or
common law
common law
the body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents
stare decisis
“to stand by the decision” meaning previous legal decisions are to be followed
“to stand by decision”
state decisis
civil law
deals with noncriminal suits brought to protect or preserve a civil or private right or matter
regulation and enforcement of rights setting the acceptable limits of conduct in society
criminal law
a minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison
misdemeanor
a serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to execution
felony
situation in which a reasonable and prudent person, viewing the available information, would conclude that a crime has been committed and that the suspect committed it
probable cause
rights guaranteed by the constitution that police must tell arrestees about, especially the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney
Miranda rights or Miranda warning
a police procedure following arrest that requests basic information about the suspect, a photograph, fingerprints, and perhaps a lineup
booking
the first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before court to hear charges and enter a plea
arraignment
in a criminal lawsuit, a defendant neither admits nor denies a crime but accepts punishment as though he or she was guilty
nolo contendere
a hearing before a magistrate or a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial
preliminary hearing
preliminary hearing or
evidentiary hearing