Exam 2
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T or F: population growth is always constant
F: population growth is never constant
How much have global growth rates increased after 1950?
2.3%
How much has the rate of human population been declining since 1970?
0.8%/year
If population growth never declined, what would be the human population as of 2020s?
12 billion
What main event in China caused a rapid decrease in population and led to famine of 40 million people?
Great Leap Forward
What countries have slower population growth rates?
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Singapore
Why is the population of Japan shrinking?
Japanese are not having enough children
What are the population controls 2000 years ago?
Available resources, disease (e.g., typhus, dysentery, pneumonia, leprosy, plague, cholera), and conflict
What caused the collapse of the Akkadian Empire in 2100 BC?
Typhoid fever and plague
In 600-1350, there was a 40% decrease in population in Western Europe. Why?
Black plague
What was the infant mortality rate of England in 1830?
250 infants deaths per 1,000 births
What was the mortality rate of children from 0-5 years old in England in 1830?
430/1,000 births
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 1900?
47
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 1925?
59
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 2020?
79
What determines human population growth?
• Balance between in and out (births and deaths) • Death rate • Total fertility rate • Replacement fertility
Equation for death rate
Death rate = f{conflict, disease, famine}
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Total number of children/offspring per woman
What was the TFR in 1960?
5 offspring per woman
Replacement fertility
TFR that keeps population size stable I.e., describes how many offspring a women needs to have to maintain population size
What is the rule of thumb for replacement fertility?
2.05
What can we conclude when reduced poverty leads to reduced population growth?
TFR declines with higher income (GNP)
What can we conclude when universal education leads to reduced population growth?
Countries that have higher education for women show lower TFR
in 1851, people had a 60% chance of living to
30