intro to organic
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what is the general formula?
algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the same ‘family’ e.g. CnH2n for alkenes
what is the molecular formula?
actual number of atoms in a molecule or compound
what is the empirical formula?
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
what is the structural formula?
arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
what is the skeletal formula?
shows bonds of the carbon skeleton only- hydrogen and carbon atoms are not shown but functional groups are
what is the displayed formula?
shows the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in the molecule
what is a homologous series?
group of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula, but a different carbon chain length
what are the 3 types of hydrocarbons?
-aliphatic hydrocarbons( containing straight or branched chains) -alicyclic hydrocarbons (containing rings) -aromatic hydrocarbons (containing benzene rings)
what are the rules for straight chain alkanes?
-each carbon is bound to its neighbours and two hydrogens -exceptions are the two terminal carbon nuclei which are bound to one carbon and three hydrogens
what are the rules for straight chain alkenes?
-at least one C to C double bond -each carbon in a double bond can only be bound to 2 neighbours -one neighbour must be hydrogen
what are the rules for cycloalkanes?
-two less hydrogens than the open chain alkanes -general formula CnH2n -named according to largest ring
what are the rules for cycloalkenes? (in addition to the rules of cycloalkanes)
-General formula CnH2n-2