Digestive System: Ingestion, Stomach, and Liver

Swallowing, Peristalsis, Segmentation

A wave of squeezes that helps push food through your digestive system.

Muscles squeeze at different spots, breaking up the food and mixing it with digestive juices. This helps break down the food more thoroughly and makes it easier for your body to absorb nutrients. Mixes up food to aid in digestion.

• Endocrine cells (G cells) • Parietal cells • Chief cells • Mucous cells

Gastric stomach cell - releases hormones like gastrin into the blood

Gastric stomach cell - secrete intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12 and hydrochloric acid; LOWERS PH of gastric juice to PROTECT stomach lining

Gastric stomach cell - Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Gastric stomach cell - Secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes

• Cardiac region • Fundus • Body • Pylorus

Area where food is emptied into the stomach.

Most superior region of the stomach

The largest, most central region, curves toward the right to form a “J” shape, with a lesser curvature and a greater curvature.

Funnel-shaped region below the stomach-body. The _______ sphincter is the valve that regulates the release of small amounts of chyme into the small intestine.

• Nerve Signal: Brain sends a signal to muscles via nerves. • Chemical Messenger: Acetylcholine triggers calcium release in muscles. • Calcium Release: Calcium ions activate muscle contraction. • Cross-Bridge Formation: Proteins in muscle fibers grab onto each other. • Sliding Filament Theory: Muscle fibers slide past each other, causing contraction. • Energy Source: ATP provides energy for muscle action.

This organ produces bile, induces metabolic functions like blood sugar regulation, and detoxifies body.