Emotion
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Define EMOTION
A reaction pattern involving EXPERENTIAL, BEHAVIOURAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL elements that help us deal with personally significant events
Define an EXPERENTIAL reaction of emotion
Conscious recognition and labelling of an emotion, i.e., ‘I feel sad’
Define an BEHAVIOURIAL reaction of emotion
A physical action that is afforded by emotional tendency, e.g., running away or making a facial expression - these are likely unconscious
Define an PHYSIOLOGIAL reaction of emotion
• Internal physical reaction - Preparing the body for future action, like increased heart rate or slowed digestion
Give three functions of an emotional reaction pattern
• Respond to a threat (fear) • Signal emotions to others and encourage bonding/consolation • Promote desirable behaviour that is adaptively useful
Define MOOD; what are the three ways in which it differs from an EMOTION?
• Unconscious, low intensity long term emotion • Particular disposition to respond in a particular emotional way • For example, if you’re in a bad mood, you may respond hyperbolically to a small inconvenience which would not have bothered you otherwise
Define FEELING
• The experiential component of an emotion • Subjective experience of an EMOTION • Coconscious recognition
Define AFFECT
An umbrella term for EMOTION, MOOD, and FEELING
What is a PERCIEVED AFFECT?
Conscious recognition of the intended emotion as expressed by a stimulus, but the emotion is not necessarily felt
What is a FELT AFFECT?
The experience of an emotion as expressed by a stimulus
What is an EXPRESSED AFFECT?
When a stimulus uses features that signal an affect, e.g., to Western ears, minor keys indicate a negative valence
What is an INDUCED AFFECT
When the intended affect expressed by a stimulus is felt/experienced by the receiver
Explain the CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion
• Russell, 1980 - 2 dimensions: Arousal and Valence
Define AROUSAL
The subjective energy levels of an affect
Define VALENCE
• Spectrum of an affect’s positivity/negativity - Positive VALENCE = ‘good feelings’ and vice-versa
How was CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion extended?
• Mehrabian and Russel, 1980 • PAD: Pleasure Arousal Dominance • Additional dimension of DOMINANCE added to more finely distinguish between similar emotions like anger and fear
What are the 7 basic emotions? (Ekman, 1990)
Joy, sadness, disgust, anger, fear, surprise and contempt
What are the 4 criteria for Ekman’s basic emotions?
• Distinctive universal signals • Distinctive physiological signature • Automatic appraisal mechanism, i.e., a spontaneous reaction to a situation • Universal antecedent events (common reaction to the same event universally)
Which three emotions are possible additions to the 7 basic emotions?
Amusement, relief and excitement
What are AESTHETIC EMOTIONS?
• Emotions triggered by the perception of beauty - Invoked by things like music, art, landscape, architecture etc
What are the 2 subcategories of AESTHETIC EMOTION?
ORDINARY EMOTIONS and APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES
Define ORDINARY AESTHETIC EMOTIONS
Emotions induced by an aesthetic object
How does the APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES relate to emotion?
• Refers to the ‘feeling’ of the sublime/groove when experiencing art • Linked with pleasure and displeasure • Pleasure determined by the intensity of the emotion irrespective its valence (e.g., catharsis)
Give 3 ways in which we can measure emotional response
Self-report, physiological measures and neuro-imaging