5 - Characteristics and classification of skill

constant production of goal ordinated movements, which are learned and specific to the task.

Motor – emphasizes movement and does not require much thinking (e.g. weightlifting) Cognitive – ability to solve problems while thinking Perceptual – Performer uses perceptual senses to gain information about their surroundings Perceptual- motor - Performer uses perceptual senses to gain information about their surroundings and then act on them

Gross – large movements using large muscles or involving whole muscle groups Fine - small and intricate movements, using small muscles often at the extremities Open – Movement is affected by the environment, unstable environment Closed – Movement is not affected by the environment, stable environment Discrete – brief and have a clear start and ending Serial – a sequence of movements joined together to create a greater movement Continuous – has no obvious beginning or ending just repeated actions External – Environment controls the pace Internal - Performer controls the pace Individual – Skill preformed in isolation Coactive – Skills preformed with competitors but don’t have direct contact Interactive – Skills preformed with direct competitors with direct contact

Gross – large movements using large muscles or involving whole muscle groups Fine - small and intricate movements, using small muscles often at the extremities

Open – Movement is affected by the environment, unstable environment Closed – Movement is not affected by the environment, stable environment

Discrete – brief and have a clear start and ending Serial – a sequence of movements joined together to create a greater movement Continuous – has no obvious beginning or ending just repeated actions

External – Environment controls the pace Internal - Performer controls the pace

Individual – Skill preformed in isolation Coactive – Skills preformed with competitors but don’t have direct contact Interactive – Skills preformed with direct competitors with direct contact

The traits that are we are born with, inherited from our parents. They enable us to preform skills.

Fleishman’s Physical Proficiency (Gross Motor)Abilities - Health related ·Extent flexibility ·Dynamic flexibility ·Explosive strength · Static strength ·Dynamic strength ·Trunk strength ·Gross body co-ordination ·Gross body equilibrium ·Stamina Fleishman’s Perceptual Motor (psychomotor) Abilities - Skill related • Reaction time • Response orientation • Speed of movement • Finger dexterity • Manual dexterity • Response integration

“The way of doing”, The way in which the skill is preformed

Skill = ability + technique

Skilled • Consistent • Accurate • Controlled • Knowledgeable • Less time to reach outcome • Know how to get to goal • Effortless and smooth Novice • Many errors • Not accurate • Not controlled • Needs assistance • Takes longer • Doesn’t know how to get to goal • Erratic and uncontrolled

Input Decision making Output Feedback

Sense organs Perception short term store Decision making Long term store Effector control Effectors

Exteroceptors – provide information about the external environment Introceptors – Use information from the bodies internal organs Proprioceptors – movement of the body

provide information about the external environment

Use information from the bodies internal organs

movement of the body

the balance used in skillful performance of a gymnast on a balance beam

The brain identifies that there is a stimuli and then is made aware of it. Perception: The process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the information it is receiving. • Detection – identification of a stimulus • Comparison – gathered stimuli compared to memory store Recognition – stimuli is matched

Short term memory • Allows information to be held for several seconds to be consciously analyzed • 90% is lost after 10 seconds • Low capacity, short duration • Capacity varies between 5-9 items • Possible to learn how to store more Deals with present information Long term memory • Stores information from past experiences • Recognition • Unlimited capacity • Information is stored for a very long time • Large capacity and duration Stores motor programmes

Rehearsal - required to get information into the long term memory and increase chances of recall. Practice – same as rehearsal Coding – information associated with images and can be recalled better with associated Brevity – Easier to remember short specific things rather than longer ones Clarity – if information is clear and understood it will be remembered Chunking – chinking several pieces of information together to take up less STM space Organization – if information is clear it can be recalled easier Association – links make recall easier

Response time = reaction time + movement time