Y10 AT1 Reactions

The law of conservation of mass states that mass is conserved. This implies that: -mass is neither created nor destroyed in a closed system, it can only be rearranged -during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products

A system refers to the chemicals involved in a reaction

the surroundings of a chemical reaction refers to anything other than the chemicals involved in the reaction (e.g a beaker)

An ionic compound is made up of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), held together by an electrostatic attraction (ionic bond), usually formed between metals and non-metals when valence electrons are lost or gained to complete the outer shell

A covalent compound is formed through the sharing of non-metals valence electrons, creating a bond. In this bond, atoms share valence electrons to gain a full outer shell

a chemical reaction is a process where reactant/s are rearranged to form a new substance/s (products)

is a chemical reaction where 2 elements combine to form a compound A+B -> C

Is a chemical reaction where a compound breaks down into two or more smaller components C -> A+B

is a chemical reaction where an acid and base react to form a slat and water: Acid+base -> salt+water

pH is the measure of acidity. scale ranges from 1-14, where acidic substances have a pH less than 7 and basic substances have a pH greater than 7.

Neutral: 7.0 is neutral (pure water). Acidic: Anything below 7 is acidic. The closer to 0, the stronger the acid. Basic (Alkaline): Anything above 7 is basic (alkaline). The closer to 14, the stronger the base.

The rate of reaction is how quickly a chemical reaction proceeds

rate is the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time: Rate = triangle (substance) / time. the traingle represents change in … and square brakets represnts concentration

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, by lowering the activation and is not consumed by the chemical reaction.

concentration is the number of solute particles in a given volume of solvent

concentration, surface area, temperature, presence of a catalyst, pressure/volume and agitation

The concentration of the acid affects the the amount of acid particles. The higher the concentration, the greater the number of reactant particles in a given volume. tHis results in collisions being more likely as there are more particles to collide with in the same amount of space. This increase in collisions leads to higher chances of successful collision, therefore increasing the rate of reaction.

Surface area affects the exposure of atoms. A greater exposed surface area results in more collisions between reactant particles, increasing the chances for successful collisions and the rate of reaction.

Temperature affects the energy within a system. The higher the temperature, the more energy is provided to the system and the reactant particles have higher kinetic energy and speed to collide with each other. This increase in collisions leads to increases in the chances of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.

A catalyst always speeds up the rate of reaction. it decreases the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, allowing the chances of successful collision to increase and the rate of reaction.

pressure affects the particles present in the given space. Increased pressure means there are more particles, increasing the rate of reaction

increased agitation increases the chances of collision between particles making chances of success higher, increasing the rate or reaction.

Collision theory states that that for a reaction to occur, particles in reactants must successfully collide to break the reactant bonds to allow the rearranging of atoms to form products. This collision requires sufficient energy and correct orientation to be successful.

reliability of data relates to consistent results in multiple repeated trials. the experiment consisted of each trial for each concentration. However, the results were not consistently within a 10% range of the average for each concentration