5th, 6th, and 7th Chapter Vocab

the overall ensemble of knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people

the academic study of good and bad, right and wrong. the term can also refer to a persons or groups set of moral principles or values

an ethicist who maintains the belief that ethics do and should vary with social context

a criterion that helps differentiate right from wrong

value ascribed to something for it intrinsic worth; the notion that the thing has a right to exist and is valuable for its own sake

a way of looking at the world that reflects a persons (or groups) beliefs about the meaning, purpose, operation and essence of the world

an ethicist who maintains the belief that their exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations

value ascribed to something for the pragmatic benefits it brings us if we put it to use

the application of ethical standards to environmental questions

a human-centered view our relationship with the environment

a philosophy that considers actions in terms of their damage or benefits to the integrity of whole ecological systems, including both living and non-living things. for an ecocentrist, the well being of an individual is less important than the long-term well-being of of a larger integrated ecological system

a philosophical movement that flourished in the u.s. in the 1840’s. transcendentalist writers such as Henery david Thoreau, Ralph walda Emerson, and Walt Whitman viewed nature as a manifestation of the divine, championed a spriritual approach to life, and critiqued societies focus on material goods

Scottish immigrant to the u.s. who eventually settled in California and made Yosemite valley his wilderness home. today he is strongly associated with the preservation ethic. he argued that naturre deserved protection for its own inherent values (a ecocentric argument) but also claimed that nature facilitated human happiness and fufillment (an anthropocentric argument)

the forest professionally trained american forester, Pinchot helped establish the u.s. forest service. today he is the person most closely associated with conservation ethic

american author, poet, and philosopher who espoused transcendentalism

american transcendentalist author, poet, and philosopher. his book walden, recording his observations and thoughts while he lived at walden pond away from urban Massachusetts, remains a classic of american literature

american poet who espoused transcendentalism

an ethic holding that people should put natural resources to use but also have a responsibility to manage them wisely

an ethic holding that we should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state

a social system that converts resources into goods and services

a material commodity manufactured for and bought by individuals and businesses

work done for others as a form of buisness

a survival economy, one in which people meet most or all of their daily needs directly from nature and do not purchase or trade for most of life’s necessities

an economy in which buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to produce and how to distribute them