Topic 10; Organic Chemistry

compound which contain only single bonds e.g. alkanes

compounds which contain double or triple bonds e.g. alkenes, arenes

compounds which don’t contain a benzene ring; can be saturated or unsaturated

compounds with a benzene ring; unsaturated compounds e.g. benzene, phenol

(electron-seeking) • an electron-deficent specie which is therefore attracted to pars of a molecule which are electron rich • are positive ions or have partial positive charge • e.g. NO2, H+

(nucleus seeking) • an electron-rich species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are elctron deficient • have alone pair of electrons • may have negative/partial negative charge e.g. Cl-, OH-, NH3

• occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product • characteristics of unsaturated compounds C2H4 + Br2–> C2H4Br2

• occurs when on atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group • characteristics of saturated compounds and aromatic compounds e.g. CH3 + Cl2—> CH3Cl + HCL

• occurs when two reactants join together (addidtion) and in the process a small molcule such as water, hydrocholric acid or ammonia is lost (elmination) • reaction occurs betwen functional group in each reactant • CONDENSATION reaction • e.g. alcohol + acid —> ester + water

is when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between the two products - produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron X2– > Xo and Xo

is when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the produces - produces two oppositely charged ions X2– > X+ and X-

• successive members differ by CH2 group • same general formula • show gradation in physical properties (e.g.boiling point, density, viscocity) increases with mass as london forces (increases due to more electrons) • similar chemical properties (same functional groups)

1- meth 2- eth 3- prop 4- but 5- pent 6- hex

no functional group -ane CnH2n+2 e.g. ethane (C6H6)

alkenyl • ene • ethene C2H4 CnH2n

alkynyl • yne • ethyne; C2H2 formula; CnH2n-2

hydroxyl • anol • ethanol; C2H5OH CnH2n+1OH

ether • oxyalkane • methoxyethane; H3–C–O–C2H5 • R–O–R

aldehyde (carbonyl) • anal • propanal; C2H5CHO • R—CHO

carbonyl -anone - propanone; CH3COCH3 R–CO–R

carboxyl -anoic acid C2H5COOH3; propanoic acid - CnH2n+1COOH

ester • anoate • methyl propanoate; C2H5COOCH3 • R—COO—R

carboxyamide • anamide • propanamide; C2H5CONH2

amine -anamine C2H5NH2; ethanamine