Metals

electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electron

1) good electrical conductivity There are free electrons available to move through the structure and carry charge 2) malleability and ductility Layers of positive ions can slide over one another

1) thermal and electrical conductivity 2) malleability and ductility 3) melting points and boiling points (R)

1) Metals that react with cold water metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen 2) When acids and metals react, the hydrogen atom in the acid is replaced by the metal atom to produce a salt and hydrogen gas, for example iron: metal + acid → salt + hydrogen 3) When metals react with oxygen a metal oxide is formed metal + oxygen → metal oxide

1) have high densities 2)have high melting points 3) form coloured compounds 4) often act as catalysts as elements and in compounds (M)

1) Aluminium is high in the reactivity series, but in reality, it does not react with water and the reaction with dilute acids can be quite slow 2) This is because it reacts readily with oxygen, forming a protective layer of aluminium oxide which is very thin 3) This layer prevents reaction with water and dilute acids, so aluminium can behave as if it is unreactive

1) aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft because of its low density 2) aluminium in the manufacture of overhead electrical cables because of its low density and good electrical conductivit 3) aluminium in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion

copper in electrical wiring because of its good electrical conductivity and ductility (R)

a mixture of a metal with other elements

brass as a mixture of copper and zinc

Iron, chromium, nickel and carbon

alloys can be harder and stronger than the pure metals and are more useful

1) different sized atoms which is hard for layers to slide over each other 2) Prevents rusting by combining several metals or elements that form a protective layer on top of the metal surface.

alloys can be harder and stronger than the pure metals because the different sized atoms in alloys mean the layers can no longer slide over each other

water and air (actually oxygen in the air)

1) painting 2) greasing 3) coating with plastic

by stopping the water and oxygen getting to the iron with a barrier of grease, oil, paint or plastic.

1) Zinc is more reactive than iron 2) The zinc will corrode first before iron

The metal in high reactivity series donates electrons to replace those which may have been lost during oxidation of the protected metal

It can change shape by force

heat and steam

HNO₃

Chromium/nickel