Test 1

Plato Unattainable level of perfection Universe = perfectly created; static “ideal state” = reality

Liebniz Groups of species transformed after descent from a common ancestor

Aristotle (Great Chain of Being) Recognized homologies (similarities) among organisms Introduced teleology Development of embryo guided to some great purpose and traits integrated into the whole Argues against “progress”

Essentialist Species Concept Groups of organisms united, based on their essence (morphologies)

Knowledge of God based on observed facts and experience apart from divine revelation

Deduction in science General to specific

Deme

Change in allele/genotype frequencies over time in a population

Ancestral trait

Derived Trait

Who identified the Galapagos finches?

Cuvier: sudden upheavals, earthquakes, floods, and glaciation accounted for not only all fossils but also all geological formations -Provided evidence for ideas of extinction Agassiz: ascribed each catastrophe to divine intervention followed by a “special divine creation”

Study of the household 1867 by Haeckl That which is external to the organism Think of it as a pursuit of the human mind Oldest of the sciences Think of it as a pursuit of the human mind Oldest of the sciences

Buffon and Lamarck Gradual, natural processes observable today could be used to explain the development of all geological features and that the rate of these processes was no greater in past than it is today Hutton and Lyell Inferred that in order to explain present-day geological features such as sedimentary rock strata Lamarck – used the same reasoning to account for gradual species transformations English Lord Kelvin – solved this dilemma by providing proof from physics that the earth was indeed >100 million years old

The doctrine of design and purpose in the material world.

Decays more slowly for loci that are linked; very tight linkages may hold disequilibrium indefinitely

Shared, derived character state; used to unite lineages into a clade

An organism or species that has two sets of chromosomes because of hybridization and chromosome doubling

Correspondence between parts or organs acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence; a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor

Branching evolution involving the splitting and divergence of a lineage into two or more lineages

Evolution within a single lineage (usually a species) as opposed to cladogenesis where a group (species) diverges into two or more branches

Gregor Mendel Characteristics can be passed from generation to generation through “discrete particles” (now known as genes). These particles can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation Establishes that this and segregation of Hereditary Factors in gametogenesis

No evolution at locus No change in allele genotypic frequencies All frequencies in _______ proportions after 1 gen. random mating

No selection against A1 or A2 No gene flow Random mating in a large population