Antimicrobial Residues
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Which antibacterials are tested for in milk and why?
Penicillins • G+ bacteria (lactobacillus, lactobacilli, strep) necessary for cheese production (lactose->acids to curdle cheese) • penicillin hypersenstivity in humans
What is the name of the test for penicillins?
Delvotest
What barrier may affect withdrawal periods in dairy cattle?
Blood milk barrier. If drug cant cross -> 0 day withdrawal
How does the body affect drug residues?
• distribution (barriers, CNS, milk) • activation and metabolism (liver) • clearance (enterohepatic circulation, bladder/kidneys)
Where should drug withdrawals and portocols be looked up?
• NOAH • VMD • Drug cascade
Who sets the regulations for drug withdrawal?
VMD
What is the standard withdrawal for milk and meat?
• 7d milk • 28d meat > double for organic animals
Which drug should not be used in egg producing birds?
Enrofloxacin (Baytril) - 14d withdrawal
Which drug may cause aplastic anaemia? Which drug can be used instead?
• chloramphenicol > especially after oral consumption > very lipophilic • use florphenicol (new version)
Which 2 drugs should never be used in food producing animals?
• Metronidazole • Phenylbutazone > carcinogenic
Who’s responsibility are residues?
Farmer or owner
What is the main residue checked for in milk?
B lactams (penicillins)
Where are residues checked for in meat?
• Kidney test in abbattoir in case of suspicion or targetted surveillance
What surveillance results were found in “residues of vet medicine in food 2012”?
• bees and fish ±10% positive samples • Bute 5% horses • Zeronol (oestrogen derivative): fungal contamination of feed • Thiuracil (T4 moderator): brassica in feed
What are the 2 WHO criteria for importance of Abx to human medicine?
• Antimicrobial agent which is the sole, or one of limited therapy, to treat serious human disease • Antimicrobial agent used to treat diseases caused by either a) organisms that may be transmitted to humans from non-human sources or b) human disease caused by rgnaisms that may aquire resistnece genes from non-human sources
Define critically, highly and important to human medicine for WHO list of Abx?
• Critically important meet both criterion 1 and 2 • Highly important meet either 1 or 2 • Important do not meet criteria 1 or 2
How many groups of Abx are classified in each of the WHO groups?
Critical: 15 Highly: 13 Important: 4