Alkanes
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what are structural isomers/
molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
what shape are all alkanes and why?
tetrahedral- they have 4 bonded pairs of electrons and no lone pairs
how does boiling point of alkanes change with branching?
more branches = fewer points of contact= weaker IDD interaction= lower bpt
write an equation for combustion of C2H6 with excess o2
C2H6 + 3.5O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H20
write an equation for combustion of C2H6 with limited O2, forming a toxic gas
C2H6 + 2.5 O2 -> 2CO + 3H20
write an equation for combustion of C2H6 with limited O2 forming a black solid
C2H6 + 1.5 O2 -> 2C + 3H2O
what is a sigma bond?
head on overlap of 2 atomic orbitals directly in a line between the 2 bonded atoms
what condition is necessary for an alkane to react with a halogen?
uv light
give the overall equation for the reaction between propane and bromine to form bromopropane
C3H8 + Br2 -> C3H7Br + HBr
what is a radical?
a species with an unpaired electron
what type of bond breaking is shown in radical substitution?
homolytic fission- a covalent bond breaking with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom forming 2 radicals
give the full mechanism for the reaction between methane and chlorine + name.
name: radical substitution initiation: Cl2 -> 2Cl. (.= radical) propagation: Cl. + CH4 -> C.H3 + HCl C.H3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl. termination: Cl. + Cl. -> Cl2 Cl. + C.H3 -> CH3Cl C.H3 + C.H3 -> C2H6
give 2 problems with radical substitution
1) further substitution: CH3Cl could react with CL. again multiple times, and hydrogens could keep getting substituted for chlorine. 2) mixture of isomers formed eg: C4H10 + Cl2 -> CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl or CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3