4.1.1 basic concepts and hydrocarbons

compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen only

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

contain single carbon to carbon covalent bonds

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains and non-aromantic rings

contain double carbon to carbon covalent bonds

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromantic rings with or without side chains

an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar properties

a compound containing a benzene ring

all the covalent bonds and atoms in a molecule

enough information to make the structure clear but most of the covalent bonds are omitted

the algebraic representation of a homologous series

-c-c- cn2n+2 or in cyclo cnh2n

-c=c- cnh2n

-c-o-h hydrox-/-ol cnh2n+2o

-c-halogen chloro-/bromo-/iodo- cnh2n+1X

o formyl-/-al || c-h cnh2nO

o oxo-/-one || c- cnh2nO

o -oic acid || c-o-h cnh2nO2

o -yl oate || c-o- cnh2nO2

the same molecular formula but different structural formula

chain- moving carbons position- moving the functional group functional group- splitting up the functional group

each atom accepts one electron from a covalent bond

one atom accepts both electrons from a covalent bond

ions