W12: Abdominal Assessment & Conditions
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What is the order of function in the GI system?
• ingestion • propulsion • digestion • absorption • elimination
Define ingestion
Taking food into mouth
Define propulsion
• deglutition • peristalsis
What can digestion be either?
• mechanical • chemical
Define absorption
• substances pass into blood/lymph
Define elimination
Undigested substances leave body
What are some acute abdominal conditions?
• appendicitis • intestinal obstruction • gastroenteritis • AAA • gynaecological conditions
What are some chronic abdominal conditions?
• IBS • ulcerative colitis, Chron’s disease • gastric and duodenal ulcers • gynaecological conditions
What are gallstones?
Stones that form in the gallbladder or bile duct, formed when chemicals harden into mass
What can gallstones lead to?
Obstructive jaundice, caused by gallstones moving into common bile duct
How do you recognise gallstone pain?
Colicky pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by pancreatic enzymes become active before they reach duodenum and attack the pancreas (severe can cause widespread damage)
What are known factors that can cause pancreatitis?
• gallstones • alcoholism
What are signs of pancreatitis?
Epigastric pain radiating into the back
What can pancreatitis lead to?
Peritonitis
What are some symptoms of appendicitis?
• sudden pain on the right side of the abdomen • nausea and vomiting • loss of appetite • fever • constipation or diarrhoea • abdominal bloating
What can cause an upper GI bleed?
• peptic ulcers • gastritis • oesophageal varices • neoplasms • inflammation of the GI lining from ingested materials
What causes a lower GI bleeds?
• diverticular disease • neoplasms • inflammatory bowel disease • infection diarrhoea • polyps • hemorrhoids • anal fissures
What does Malena tell us?
(black/tarry stool) Signs of bleeding from the upper digestive tract- stomach, small intestine (stomach ulcers, malignancy, medication)
What is haematemsis?
Coffee ground vomit
What is diverticulitis?
Pressure within the large intestine causes bulging pockets of tissue to push out from walls
What can diverticulitis progress onto?
Diverticulum can rupture and cause infection
What are the most common signs of diverticulitis?
-lower left quadrant tenderness - fevers - nausea
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
(AAA) A localised weakness of aortic weakness of aortic wall with dilation