Biogeochemical cycles

requires life - oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, carbon? (it did not originally, now it is debatable) does not require - water

is the movt of matter through a syst As earth is a closed system, all matter on earth actuallly cycles

A - elmnts required in life are in stable amts, we can see consistant molecular structurs in geochem and biogeochem cycl B - there are diffusion gradients around the world, distribution of elemts varies C - the biosphere pushes these things but also uses them

water, sulphur, carbon, nitrogen,oxygen, phosphorus

reservoir is location, where elements are stored for period of time Fluxes are the movt of materials between the reservoirs

reservoirs are boxes, fluxes are arrows, size of arrows shows flux

Flux - deforestation, fossil fuels reservoir - deep ocean

Start at atmos, precipitation excess is runoff to water bodies like lake, ocean can also go underground groundwater ends up in water bodies oceans export water to land by evaporation evaporation to hydrosphere into atmos More water falls then goes back up Drivers more water falls on land than evaporates more water evaporates than falls in ocean

Resp of biosphere basically at equilibrium Atmos to ocean is also net even with non human reasons everything is balanced except fossil fuels which is not.

FFB - fossil fuel burning P - photosynth PR - primary respiration, photoresp, plants breathing out DEF - Deforestation SF - soil formation, when things decompose SR - soil respiration, when things in soil breath FFF - fossil fuel formation E - evaporation D - deposition CP - carbonate production

Plants? both are the biggest but plants is probably more than ocean

How scary it sounds depends on the time you take and the interval you look at In global context we are in CO2 decline over 600 million years \ The earth has seen CO2 levels before, the rate of change is very high though. That is unusual.

could also use formate, nitrate but ox is best Ox provides most energy, 90% efficient has the largest change in free energy from glucose

biosphere is key catalyst to cycle, it mainly sucks in ox, photosynth can increase it over time greatest reservoir is lithosphere, in the rock largest fluxes are between plants and atmos (photosynth and respiration) some ox is generated in upper atmos - photolysis

Volatile in most forms Not reactive with materials that make up the earth Very stable in the presence of solar radiation

fluxes mainly down - nitro fixation by bact, also humans largest res - hydrosphere, ocean comes down in rain, lighting, fixation by microbes and humans denitrification by bact, make it accesible to plants they extrete it into atmos

nitrogen is converted to ammonia by bact and fungi happens in root nodules of plants helpful for plant, important to nitrogen cycle returned when things die denitrification releases N back to atmos by bact

Industrial means We grow nitrogen fixation crops , nitrogen fertilizer, fossil fuels Leads to food web outcomes, change in the biosphere and diversity

We apply ammonia as fertilizer Gets converted to nitrates overused and gets taken to hydrosphere, increases concentration of nitrogen, helps fertilize plants Grow fast and get algal bloom When the nitrates get used up algae dies and the decomposition causes the O2 to be sucked out of the water, Causes dead zone, fish die Caused by overuse of nitrogen fertilizers proccess called eutrophication

like nitrogen cycle, never found as solids has reservoirs in water and ground

like N cycle helped through human means oxidizes in atmos comes down as precip goes into ground goes up through fossil fuel burning, human means

Given the differential topography and volcanism that is the same things we saw that caused bgchem cycles on earth. Molecs on titan are diff but all topography and organic compounds are ripe for biocycles, has clouds, has lakes, winds, precip Titan has possibility of bgchem cycle