4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry
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what is a hydrocarbon
• compound containing carbon + hydrogen only
what is the difference between saturated + unsaturated hydrocarbon
• saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only • unsaturated hydrocarbon has carbon-carbon bonds
what is a homologous series
• a family of compounds with similiar chemical properties (+ same functional group) whose successive members differ by addition of a CH2 group
what is the simplest homologous series
• alkanes
what is a functional group
• the part of an organic molecule (group of atoms) that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
why is the IUPAC helpful
• keeps track of all the names of organic molecules > means chemists across the globe can communicate clearly
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
• compound containing carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
• carbon atoms joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches > aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic ring with/without branches
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon
• a compound of carbon atoms containing a benzene ring
what are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons needed to know
• alkanes: single C-C • alkenes: double C=C • alkynes triple Carbon,Carbon
what is the general formula
• the simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
what is the molecular formula
• shows number + type of atoms of each elements present in a molecule
what is the empirical formula
• the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
what are structural isomers
• compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what are the two ways covalent bonds can be broken by
• homolytic fission • heterolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission what happens
• each of the bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond > each atom now has a single unpaired electron > you form 2 radicals
what is a radical
• an atom or groups of atoms ( a species) with an unpaired electron
when a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission what happens
• one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond > atom that takes both electrons becomes negative ion > atom that doesn’t take electrons becomes positive ion
in a reaction mechanism, what is a curly arrow used for
• to represent the movement of an electron pair
what happens in addition reactions
• two reactants join together to form one product
what happens in substitution reactions
• an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or groups of atoms
what happens in elimination reactions
• involves removal of a small molecule from a larger one
what are the different types of structural isomers
• chain • functional group • position
when drawing curly arrows, where must they begin at
• a lone pair of electrons on an atom • a bond that is about to be broken