Day 4: Solutions and Kinetics

More solute is dissolved into the solvent than is possible. Achieved at high temperatures

mol solute/L solution

mol solute/kg solvent

mol solute/ total moles

in dilute solutions in water

• All Group 1 metal, NH4+,NO3-, CLO4-, C2H3O2- (acetate) salts are soluble • Most Ag+, Pb+, and Hg2^2+ salts are insoluble

• Solids are more soluble at high temperatures • Gases are less soluble at higher temperatures (greater chance of escaping) • Gases are more soluble at high pressures

changes proportionally to concentration of solute. must be different from solvent

how may ions and particles are formed (on an average) in a solution

Change in freezing temperature = -iKfm

change in boiling temperature = iKbm

Pa=XaPtotal You need pure property vapor pressure #

π = iMRT

• Collision • Proper orientation • Sufficient Energy • High temperature high collision frequency, high percentage of high energy collisions

pathway

plot energy as it moves from reactants to products

tallest peak is the rate determining step (slow step)

speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy by providing an alternate mechanism (pathway) for the reaction to occur Present in reactants then products

Allows for prediction Rate = k[A]^x[B]^(y) --> order Rate = k[A]^0= k Rate = k[A]^1 = proportional Rate k[A]^2 =proportional

use co-eff. in front of reactants part of a mechanism

are included

present in products then reactants

increase in temperature increase in the number of reactants decrease in energy

increasing temperature decreasing energy