Research methods
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What is a fact in a scientific context
generally accepted reality based on objective inferences, verifiable by evidence that is published and accepted via peer review and replicated over time. Can still be open to scientific enquiry
Define the steps of the scientific method
1 - develop and define the problem (observation) 2 - formulate hypothesis 3 - gather data 4 - analyse and interpret results (test)
What are the two types of hypotheses
Null hypothesis - no relationship between variables Alternative hypothesis - there is a relationship between anxiety
What are the 2 kinds of statistics
Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
What is a hypothesis
A statement about some real-world phenomenon that can be tested through observations.
what is an independent variable
the factor you will be testing. Thing you will change (eg temp, conc etc)
What is the dependent variable
the effect you think will change and the thing you measure - is effected by independent variable
What must the hypothesis include
Must state the question you are asking as well as include both dependent and independent variables.
How many relationships should be included in hypothesis
1
What do you need to check about hypothesis
make sure its testable
What does APPEAR stand for
Acquire Process Plot Examine Analyse Report
Describe Acquire (APPEAR)
Acquire data through sampling. Need to decide how you do it, think about assumptions, ethical considerations, numbers, resources available.
What are some assumptions you have to make when sampling a population
that pop. is normally distributed, that you are randomly sampling
What is a T-test
used to test hypotheses about means when the population variance is unknown (usual)
What sample size do you want
as large as possible - will give more accurate data
What is a single sample T-test
when we only have 1 group that we want to test against a hypothetical
What is an independent samples T-test
We have 2 means and 2 groups that have no relation between each other
What are the 3 varieties of T-Tests
Single sample, independent samples and dependent samples
What is a pooled average
A weighted average of the two sample variances with weighting done according to sample size
What is a dependent T-test
2 means that are related to each other
when do we use t tests
when population variance is unknown and sample size is small (usually under 100)
What is an ANOVA test
(AN)alysis Of (VA)riance A statistical test for comparing means between more than 2 groups
What does the F-test test
the hypothesis that two variances are equal. Will be close to 1 if variances are equal
what function do you use in R to import your dataset
read.csv() e.g. Dataset1 <- read.csv(“dataset1.csv”, header = TRUE)