Final

Preserving biodiversity in the nature environment where organisms have evolvede

Protection and management of biodiversity in artificial, human-built environment

Wild–>captivity: populations provide “insurance” that species will remain Captivity–>wild: reintroduction and funding flow back to nature

Menageries (symbols of wealth and kept to entertain the rich), zoological parks (living museums focused on showing of animals), conservation centers (holistic focus on well-being and ecosystems

Botanical: gardens dedicated to collection and preservation of variety of plant Arboretum: special botanical garden for trees and woody plants

Hold 41% of threatened plant species, byt more gardens are found in the north even though most diversity is in the tropics

biorepositories preserving genetic material (gametes and DNA) in cyro for long-term storage of genetic diversity – source material for artificial insemination

Storing seeds in cold, dry conditions to slow metabolism, stores over 1 million seed samples as global background

Addressed the issue of biopiracy and ownership of genetic resources by ensuring countries control access to their own biological diversity and profit/research must be shared fairly with source country

Captive breeding: maintaining reproducing populations in artificial environments (cross-fostering: using surrogate parents & double-clutching: inducing a second egg lay) Artificial reproductive technologies: artificial insemination (animals that won’t mate), IVF (fertilization outside the body + surrogate), and de-extinction (controversial attempts to resurrect species)

Small populations (vulnerable to genetic drift and bottleneck), inbreeding (mating between relatives reduced fitness) Solution: studbooks (records of lineages of purebred species) and species survival plans (breeding program to maintain healthy, genetically diverse populations of threatened or endangered species)

Adaption to captivity: selection of traits maladaptive in the wild Animal welfare: small enclosures can cause stress (carnivores struggle the most)

Releasing individuals into historical range to create a new population

Releasing individuals into an existing population to help size and genetics

Raising animals and plants past their vulnerable young stage to eliminate early mortality

gradual acclimation (shelter, extra food) has a higher success rate

Chuck them into the wild to fend for themselves (shock/predation)

Solution to imprinting: puppet feeding (prevents chicks from imprinting on humans) predator training (teaching animals to fear their natural predators)

Plants: high densities are okay, no training needed, seeds store easily Animals: need large territories, risk of printing, require constant care

Before managing a landscape we must quantify its compostion and heavily relies on remote sensing tech Satellite Remote Sensing: using platforms like landsat to track land cover changes with high temporal frequently (often, frequently) Aerial Imagery: high-res photos increasingly gathered by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) allowed for detailed habitat at lower costs

Proportion of habitat (Pi): the percentage of the landscape occupied by specific habitat type Diversity indices: Using simpson’s (Ds) or shannon’s (H) indices to measure the habitat’s heterogeneity

Contagion: measure how clumped or fragmented habitat types are High = aggregated/clumped low= dispersed/fragmented

The probability that two specific habitat types (urban forest) are next to each other, influences edge effects

Manages cumulative impacts of all sectors, considers the full array of interactions (including humans), and managed by watershed or ecosystems