9 November: Antibiotic Resistance pt. 2
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What is a direct result of infection by drug-resistant microorganisms?
Death
Patients more at risk of drug-resistant bacteria
• Chemotherapy • Kidney Dialysis • Surgery patients • Diabetes • Asthma • Rheumatoid arthritis
What does C.Diff have that makes them resistant?
Endospores
What type of antibiotic is mostly responsible for C. Diff infections?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
How do pathogens have drug-resistance?
When given antibiotics during clinical trials
What increases the proportion of resistant microbes?
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Resistant cell will be in a population that is mostly susceptible, and with the exposure of antibiotics killing the susceptible cells in the population, resistant survivors can multiply without competition
Innate resistance (Natural resistance)
Microbe lacks target enzyme or cell structure , and drugs cannot enter microbial cell
Acquired resistance (becomes resistant)
Inactivate or destroy drug, modify the target or overproduce, avoid uptake of the drug
Beta Lactamase
Rips apart beta-lactam ring in penicillin and causes it to not be penicillin anymore?
Five primary mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
• Alter metabolic pathway • Antibiotic modification • Target modification • Target modification • Drug efflux system
Drug efflux system
Proteins pump antibiotics out of the cell
Spontaneous mutation
Can result in resistance, and subsequent generations acquire resistance from parent
Vertical Transmission
Parent passing resistance to child