REMEMBER!!!!

Add potassium permanganate paper (if present, it will turn from purple to colourless)

Add damp litmus paper (turns blue if ammonia is present)

Bubble the gas through limewater (if present, white precipitate forms)

Add damp blue litmus paper (if chlorine is present, it will turn red)

Add a lit splint (produces a squeaky pop and goes out if hydrogen is present)

Add a glowing splint (blow it out) - (if oxygen present, it will relight)

• Add sodium hydroxide (insoluble) • Flame test

light green

orange-red

blue-green

red

lilac

yellow

bubble through limewater. dilute acids added to carbonate should fizz and produce CO2

Add dilute nitric acid, then silver nitrate. - If a precipitate forms, a halide ion is present white = chloride bromide = cream iodide = yellow **more down group 7, the more off white it goes)

Add dilute hydrochloric acid, then barium chloride solution. White precipitate indicates presence of sulphate ions.

please send cats, monkeys and cute zebras into hot countries, signed, gordon

• all sodium, potassium and ammonium salts • all nitrates • most chlorides, bromides and iodides • most sulphates (except lead, barium and calcium • sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates • sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium hydroxides

• silver and lead halides • lead, barium and calcium sulphates • most carbonates (except sodium, potassium and ammonium) • most hydroxides (except for potassium and ammonium)

salt + hydrogene

salt + water

salt + water

salt + water + carbon dioxide