Heart development
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Where do cardiac cells originate from?
Ventral lateral mesoderm- splanchnopleura
Where do heart precursors come from?
• First heart field (in cardiac crescent) 2. Second heart field (medial and posterior to the crescent)
What is tinman and what is its vertebrate homolog?
Tinman: homebox gene expressed in mesodermal precursors essential for the differentiation, proliferation and specification of cardiac progenitor cells Vertebrate homolog= Nkx2.5
What induces Nkx2.5 expression?
BMP2
What are the 2 layers of the heart tube?
• Endocardium- precursors of the endothelial lining of heart & valves • Myocardium- precursors of the myocytes of the atria and ventricles & purkinje fibres
What is dmef2 essential for?
Cardiac muscle differentiation
What is the vertebrate homolog of dmef?
Mef2 family specifically Mef2C
What is GATA?
Transcription factors (zinc finger proteins) essential for cardiogenesis GATA 4-6= Cardiogenesis GATA 4 KO mice= fail to form a heart tube
What happens in looping of the heart?
The heart loops to the right Lefty & Shh expressed in the left side of the embryo
What is essential for asymmetric heart looping?
Signalling through activin inhibits Shh expression on the right hand side of the embryo INV and IV genes
What do mutations in IV cause?
Random reversal of heart looping
What do mutations in INV cause?
Complete reversal of heart looping
What is INV and IV required for?
Cilia rotation- establishes a preferential flow of Nodal and Lefty molecules to the left hand side
What genes are required for chamber formation?
dHand- right ventricle eHand- left ventricle