Respiration

• active transport • endocytosis • exocytosis • DNA replication • movement (of cell/ within) • cell division • synthesis of large molecules

Adenosine triphosphate nucleotide w/ 2 extra phosphates and an adenine nitrogenous base

• matrix • cristae • inner membrane • outer membrane • intermembrane space

The splitting of a respiratory substrate to release CO2 (as a waste), and the reuniting of hydrogen w oxygen to release a large amount of energy.

FIRST STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Splitting of glucose to form 2x pyruvate (uses 2xATP) IN CYTOPLASM other products: * 2x NADH * (net gain) 2x ATP

Coenzyme for dehydrogenase enzymes

The addition of phosphate

SECOND STAGE OF RESPIRATION: Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated: IN THE MATRIX Products: * 2x NADH * 2x CO2 * 2x Acetyl coenzyme A

Removal of carboxyl group from a substrate moelcule

Removal of hydrogen atom from a substrate molecule

Production of ATP from ADP and Pi during glycolysis and krebs cycle

THIRD STAGE OF RESPIRATION: Series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that oxidise acetate Involves decarboxylation, dehhydrogenation, and substrate level phosphorylation. IN MATRIX Products for both cycles (one glucose): * 6x NADH * 4x CO2 * 2x ATP * 2x FADH2

LAST STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION use of ATP synthase and energy derived from H+ gradient to make ATP IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE Products: * Water * (36)ATP

Series of protein electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons

FIRST STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.) 1. Hydrogen atoms are donated by NADH and FADH2 from the **krebs cycle ** 2. H atoms then splits into protons and electrons 3. The high energy electrons enter the ETC and relese energy as they move along the ETC

The movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down an electrochemical gradient

SECOND STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.) 4. Released energy is used to transport H+ across the inner mito. membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space 5. A conc. gradient of protons is established between the intermembran space and matrix 6. the protons return to the matrix via facillitated diffusion through the channel protein, ATP synthase 7. The movement of H+ down their conc. grad./ provided energy for ATP synthesis (ATP is generated0

THIRD STAGE OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (last stage of aerobic resp.) O2 acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ and combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the ETC to form water.

Theorectical yield= 36 ATP (eukaryotes), 38 ATP (bacteria) Actual yield= * ~30 ATP * Some energy used to transport NADH to mitochondria * Some ATP used for active transport of pyruvate * ‘leaky’ membranes to protons

Respiration in the abscence of O2. This is an emergency measure for ATP production when oxygen levels are low as the oxygen can’t act as the final e- acceptor.

THE ONLY STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Splitting of glucose to form 2x lactate Pyruvate is formed but a hydrogen from NADH (makes it reversible) is added which forms the lactate. IN CYTOPLASM Products: * 2x lactate * Net gain 2x ATP

• Can be converted to pyruvate again and then enter the krebs cycle via the link reaction. • Can be recycled to glucose & glycogen. • If the lactate is not removed from muscles,pH would lower, inhibiting enzyme action.

THE ONLY STEP OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Splitting of glucose to form 2x ethanol Pyruvate is formed but CO2 is removed (gas lost so non-reversible) to form ethanal. Hydrogen from NADH is added which forms the ethanol. IN CYTOPLASM Products: * 2x ethanol * Net gain 2x ATP