B6: Amino acids and amides
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What is the general formula for alpha amino acids?
RCH(NH2)COOH
Amine Group: Reactions with acids
Amino acid + acid —> ammonium salt
Carboxylic Group: Reactions with aqueous alkali (e.g. NaOH)
Amino acid + alkali —> salt + water
Carboxylic Group: Reactions with excess alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid
Amino acid + alcohol + H+ —> ester + water
Carboxylic Group: What is the name of reaction of amino acid + excess alcohol?
Esterification
What pH are Zwitterions formed?
formed at isoelectric pH - when amino acid is neutral (no overall charge)
What is the nature of the carboxylic acid group and the amine group at the isoelectric point?
NH3+ COO-
What is the nature of the carboxylic acid group and the amine group at a pH lower than isoelectric point? (acidic conditions)
NH3+ COOH
What is the nature of the carboxylic acid group and the amine group at a pH higher than isoelectric point? (alkaline conditions)
NH2 COO-
What is the definition of steroisomerism?
compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space
What is a chiral cetre?
carbon atom that is attached to 4 different atoms/ groups
What do chiral centres cause?
existence of 2 non-superimposable mirror image structures (optical isomers/ enantiomers)
What does super-imposable mean?
ability of 2 objects to be placed directly on top of one another, so that all parts align perfectly
How do you form a primary amide?
Acyl chloride + ammonia -at room temp
How do you form a secondary amide?
Acyl chloride + primary amine -at room temp