Topic 1

Axial skeleton: limit to the skull, ribs, sternum and vertebral column consisting of cervical—7 bones; thoracic—12 bones; lumbar—5 bones; sacral—5 bones (fused as 1); coccyx—4 bones (fused as 1). Appendicular skeleton: limit to the pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

Consider the anatomical functions appendicular attachment, movement an axial protection support.

Limit to long, short, flat and irregular.

Limit to: * epiphysis * spongy bone * articular cartilage * diaphysis * compact bone * bone marrow * marrow cavity * blood vessel * periosteum.

Limit to: * inferior * superior * proximal * distal * medial * lateral * posterior * anterior. Limit to the bones listed in the axial and appendicular skeleton (see 1.1.1). Assume anatomical position

cartilage - reduce friction ligament - join bone to bone tendon - join muscle to bone

A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate

fibrous none eg. skull cartilaginous some synovial freely moveable

• articular cartilage - Thin line of hyaline cartilage that allows joint movement and protects the joint from dislocation, reduces friction, absorbs shock and protects the bones • synovial membrane - Lubricates the joint cavity which reduces friction • synovial fluid - Liquid that coats and lubricates articular cartilage preventing friction • bursae - fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction • meniscus - Semilunar discs made out of fibrocartilage pads found between some articulating bones. Allow bones to fit together tightly and they provide cushioning for the joint • ligaments - join bone add stability • articular capsule - surrounds joint provide stability

hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding and saddle.

• Contractility - ability of muscle to shorten • Extensibility - ability of muscle to lengthen • Elasticity - ability of muscle to return to normal size • AtrophyThe wasting away of muscle tissue. If a muscles is injred, the muscles will get atrophy • Hypertrophy Training the muscles can grow them • All muscles are controlled by nerve stimuli - requires an impulse or recognition to initiate movement • All muscles fed by capillaries -blood will be redistributed to muscles when they are working and require more oxygen

Skeletal Include smooth, cardiac and skeletal Under voluntary control, has a striated appearance, multi-nucleated fibres. Has tendons that attach mostly to bone. Main function of this type of muscle is to move the skeleton • Cardiac-Also known as heart muscle as it is only in the heart. Also striated but under involuntary control. Contracts without you having to think about it. Action Potentials are branched and so act very quickly. Its fibers are longer than they are wide, and they are striated, like skeletal muscle fibers. • Smooth-Lines the walls of blood vessels (Predominantly arteries) and hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines Smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, andlack striations.Also involuntary.

Muscle → Fascicle → Muscle Fibre → Myofibril → Sarcomere → Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin) • epimysium - Outer layer which covers the entire layer • perimysium - surrounds bundle of muscle fibres (essentially around fascicle • endomysium - layer of fascia that surround the individual muscle fibres *Muscle fiber: Long cell in muscle, contains myofibrils. *Myofibril: Rod-like structure in muscle fiber, contains sarcomeres. *Sarcomere: Contractile unit, composed of actin and myosin. *Actin: Thin filament, interacts with myosin for contraction. *Myosin: Thick filament, generates contraction force with actin.

Origin: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone. Insertion: the attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone

Include the muscles from: * the anterior – deltoid – pectoralis – iliopsoas – sartorius – quadriceps – femoris (rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis) – tibialis anterior – abdominus rectus – external obliques – biceps brachii * the posterior – trapezius – triceps brachii – latissimus dorsi – gluteus maximus – hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) – gastrocnemius – soleus – erector spinae.