chemistry 4
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what molarity means
how much stuff is dissolved M = moles divided by liters
making a dilute solution
• amount of solute stays the same • volume changes • M1V1 = M2 V2 • M1 = strong solution • V1 = volume you take from stock • M2 =-new weaker concentration • V2 = final volume
diffusion
• particles move from high to low concentration • stops the things are evenly spread • oxygen moving into blood • CO2 moving out
facilitated diffusion
• still high to low • uses a protein helper • still no energy • glucose entering cells
osmosis
• diffusion of water • water moves toward more solute • water follows salt/sugar
turgid
plant cell full of water
ph scale
0 to 14
7
neutral pure water
below 7
acidic
above 7
base
low pH
more H+
high pH
less H+
acids (easy signs)
• tastes sour • turns blue litmus red • release H+ ions
acids react with metals
make hydrogen gas
acids react with bases
make salt + water
bases
• taste bitter • feel slippery • turns red litmus blue • release OH - ions • soap, amonia, baking soda
strong vs weak acids
• it has nothing to do with how dangerous it is • it means how much it ionizes in water (breaks into ions when it dissolves in water)
strong acids/bases
• most or all of the molecules break apart into ions in water • very reactive • strong = breaks apart easily in water
weak acid or base
• only some particles ionize • less reactive • less ionization = weaker
reactivity matters because
• Strongs acids and bases form and break bonds quickly • that’s why most of their atoms ionize
salts are
• ionic compounds made from acid base reactions • made of positive metals ions and negative non metal ions • dissociate in water • sodium chloride • acid chloride • potassium nitrate
calcium chloride
• drying agent • absorbs moisture
baking soda
• everyday salt with practical uses
salt and water cab. react to form
an acid and a base this is called hydrolysis