Module 1.1 Introduction

Both animal and plant cells are classified as ____ cells, whereas bacterial cells are classified as ____.

protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within.

a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Called PROTISTS, ANIMALCULES

publication called ____, experimental scientist ___ COINED THE TERM CELL for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.

botanist ____ and zoologist ____were studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. ____ later made important contributions to this theory

Original Cell Theory by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Cell theory 6

prokaryotic cells are found in organisms of the domains ____, ____all consist of eukaryotic cells, making them eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes main differences to prokaryotes

Parts in animal cells that aren’t found in plant cells

What plant cells have that animals dont (3)

The three important parameters in Light Microscopes (3)

• : Light passes directly through the specimen. Unless the cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained, the image has little contrast • : Light also passes directly through the sample but staining with various dyes enhances contrast. (NOTE: Most staining procedures require cells to be fixed or preserved) • : Variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells, which is useful for examining unpigmented , living cells. • : Optical modifications are used to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3-D as in *prev answer microscopy. • : Locations of specific molecules in the cell can be revealed by labelling the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies, yet for some cells have molecules that fluoresce on their own. Fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light. • : Using a laser, this “optical sectioning” technique eliminates out of focus light from a thick sample, creating a single plane of fluorescence in the image. By capturing sharp images at many different planes, a 3-D reconstruction can be created. • : Using software, blurry images of reconstructed cell from many different planes was processed. This process digitally removes out-of-focus light and reassigns it to its source, creating a much sharper 3-D image. • : Sophisticated equipment is used to light up individual fluorescent molecules and record their position. Combining information from many molecules in different places “breaks” the limit of resolution, increasing the sharpness of the image

Two Types of Electron Microscopy: useful for a detailed study of the topography of a specimen. Excites electrons on the surface used to study the internal structure of cells.Electron beam through a small part.

The process takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another. The instrument used is the centrifuge