Chapter 8
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how much percent of Canadians are overweight?
34%
how much of Canadians are underweight?
2%
how much gain in obesity has there been over the past 25 years?
9%
how much percent of US adults are overweight?
More than 60%
how much percent of US adults are obese?
More than 30%
obesity has _______ since 1960
doubled
At current rates, all American adults will be overweight by which year?
2030
Overweight = characterized by a body weight that falls (3 things):
1. above the range associated with minimum mortality 2. weighing 10% or more over recommended weight ORRRRRR 3. having a BMI over 25
Obesity = severely overweight, with: (3 things)
• excess of body fat • weighing 20% or more over recommended weight ORRRRRR • having a BMI over 30
how much money spent treating obesity-related health problems in Canada?
$ 2 billion / year
how much percent rise has there been in type 2 diabetes in Canada?
33%
how many premature deaths are there annually in Canada?
21,000+
one of the six major controllable risk factors for heart disease is?
obesity
how much weight loss in obese individuals can reduce the risk of certain diseases and increase life expectancy?
Weight loss of only 5-10%
Can Someone be Over-fat and Fit?
YES- Research at the Cooper Institute finds those that are fit (based on cardiovascular testing) have a lower mortality risk than those who are unfit, even if overweight or obese
Genetic factors influence:
body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate
Genetic contribution to obesity estimated to be how much percent of the problem?
5-40% (genetic factors difficult to control)
the sum of all vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body =
metabolism
the energy required to maintain vital body functions; the largest component of metabolism =
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
RMR is higher in (3 answers):
• men (larger, more muscle mass, etc.) • People with more muscle mass • People who exercise
RMR is lower in:
• Women (smaller, less muscle mass, etc.) • People who are sedentary • People who have lost weight
Energy balance equation:
Energy in: food calories Energy out: physical activity (20-30%) food digestion (+/- 10%) Resting metabolism (65-70%)
Physiological Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat:
Hormones
what plays a role in the accumulation of body fat?
hormones