Structure and Function in Plants and Animals

diploid phase of plant life cycle

haploid body in plants that produces gametes

haploid cells formed from a sporophyte that go on to form a gametophyte

category of plants that lack tracheids, divided into liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

vascular cells that transport water in most land plants

bryophytes, ancient group of land plants, 20% of species have flattened, liver-shaped loves, most are leafy

bryophytes, defined by presence of tall and thick photosynthetic sporophyte extending beyond a filmy gametophyte

largest group of bryophytes, can survive inhospitable environments but are sensitive to pollution

rudimentary roots, loosely anchor gametophyte to the substrate, not involved in acquisition of water or nutrients

lycophytes, vascular system, non-vascular leaves, commonly used for Christmas decorating and medicine, nontoxic

ribbed and nodular stem, evenly spaced whorls of needle-like leaves, nontoxic to dogs

no roots or leaves, forked green stems ending in small yellow knobs that house sporangia, nontoxic, spores can contain toxins

20,000 species, sporophytes consist of rhizomes and fronds which develop into “fiddleheads” before uncoiling to form leaves, sporangia appear in clusters called sori

plants with “naked seeds”. Seeds are partially exposed on a scale for pollination, later enclosed by sporophyte tissues forming cones

male and female sporangia are produced on a single plant

male and female sporangia are produced on separated plants

dioecious gymnosperms, cultivated by Buddhist monks, male trees are commonly used for decoration in yards and city streets, the fleshy seeds produced by female trees are stinky and are toxic to pets

phylum of gymnosperms, resemble palm trees, thrive in tropical and subtropical environments, female plants produce very large cones, male plants produce the largest sperm of any living organism, are pollinated by beetles, are highly toxic to dogs, cats, and farm animals

phylum of gymnosperms, closely related to angiosperms, have broad leaves and xylem with vessels. Ephedra viridis is a natural source of the compound ephedrine, they are highly toxic to sheep and cows during pregnancy.

largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms, most are evergreen. They have needle or scale like leaves that minimize water evaporation. Their vascular system contains tracheid cells but no rigid vessel elements so their bark is soft. They grow in high altitudes and cold climates

flowering plants

modified leaves that develop into fruit surrounding the seeds

green and leaflike structures that surround the petals

colorful structures that attract pollinators