titration

to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (titrant).​

accurate relatively simple inexpensive

• requires a reaction with a clear endpoint • not suitable for all types of solution

check the concentration of acids, bases, or nutrients in animal feed and water to ensure safety and effectiveness.

delivering a measured volume of a solution of known concentration into the solution being analysed

a standard solution

an observable point at which the reaction appears to be complete, this is marked by a colour change from the indicator. Its the point reached when enough titrant has been added to react with all the solution being analysed.

yellow

phenolphthalein

the concentration of an unknown solution

the theoretical point where exactly the right amount of indicator has been added to completely react. no excess acid or base is leftover so the reaction is chemically complete

red

strong acid vs weak base

colourless

pink

strong base vs weak acid

penophthalein

analyte

the theoretical point where exactly the right amount of titrant has been added to completely react with the analyte in a 1:1 mole ratio. when there is no acid or base left over and the reaction is complete. this is similar to the end point but not quite the same due to the end point shown by the indicator not being exactly at this spot

substances that change colour at specific ph values, helping to identify the endpoint of a titration

as titrant is added, the pH is electronically recorded after every addition. the equvalence point appears as a sharp chance in ph.

• accurate and precise • useful for weak acid / base titrations where the colour change may be unclear • good for finding exact equvanlence point

C1 x V1 = C2 x V2 C1 = conc of solution 1 (mol/L or g/L) V1 = volume of solution 1 (L or cm3) C2 = conc of solution 2 V2 = volume of solution 2