4 - Cellular Respiration
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What are the 3 steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
• Glycolysis • Citric Acid Cycle • Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?
Inner Membrane
Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from?
Maternally inherited
What structure increases the surface area for ATP production in mitochondria?
Cristae
What is the net reaction of cellular respiration?
Glucose + O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What is the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
Energy Investment and Energy Payoff
What is the net yield of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate per glucose.
What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is absent?
It undergoes fermentation
What are the total outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle per glucose molecule?
6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, and 4 CO₂.
What is the first step of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? What does it form?
Oxygen, forming water.
How does the ETC generate ATP?
By creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase.
How much ATP is produced by the ETC per glucose molecule?
~34 ATP
What is the main purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
What are the two types of fermentation and their outputs?
Alcohol fermentation (ethanol + CO₂) and lactic acid fermentation (lactate).
When does lactic acid fermentation occur in humans?
During intense exercise when oxygen is low.
What is the preferred energy source for cellular respiration?
Glucose
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Catabolic: break molecules for energy; Anabolic: build molecules, consuming energy.
The process of storing excess glucose as glycogen
Glycogenesis
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and skeletal muscles.
The creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules like proteins and lipids.
Gluconeogenesis