Minerals and Vitamins

Inorganic compounds: More than 20 of them required by animals Classified by amount needed Minerals are essentially elements

calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (k), sodium (Na), sulfur, chlorine, magnesium

-limestone -dicalcium phosphate -monocalcium phosphate -bone meal

2:1

rickets, osteomalacia (softening of bone), osteoporosis (atrophy of bone, protein matrix), production/ repro (milk fever, hypocalcium)

Typically deficient in forage -Ca:P greater than 6:1 may appear as P deficiency -signs include: anorexia, pica, bone chewing

Iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium

-not enough consumed -enough mineral consumed, negative antagonist effects of other minerals

lower bioavailability, need to use more -cheaper, copper oxide, zinc sulfate, magnesium oxide (must used/ most effective)

-chelated -bound to an amino acid, typically better bioavailability Ex. copper lysine.

-hemoglobin -Cu relationship, ferroxidase -bound to proteins -heme (60%) -transferrin -myoglobin (red liquid in meat) -O2 storage in muscle

Poorly absorbed -anemia -pale mucus membranes -enlarged heart -small RBCs

Essential organic compounds -do not fall under carbohydrate, lipid, or protein -not closely related chemincally or functionally -classifie by solubility, fat or water

vitamin A, D,E,K

vitamin b1, b12

disease associated with vitamins usually is because of a lack of the vitamin -scurvy- vitamin c -rickets -vitamin D -white muscle disease- vitamin E -night blindness -vitamin A -polioencephalomalacia (polio)- Thiamin B1

Deficiency symptoms -night blindness, dry or irritated skin, skin disorders, respiratory tract infections -repro problems -nervous system disorders, staggering walk, fluid on the brain

-needed for Ca and P assimilation in bone -prevents rickets -increased Ca and Mg absorption

-synthesis from sunlight -cholecalciferol=D3 -Ergocalciferol= D2

-vitamin D is activated in the kidneys -fortified milk acids in calcium absorption

-normal blood clotting

-prolonged blooding clotting times -generalize hemorrhages -large bruises on body surface -death if severe (internal bleeding)

levels 1000s of times the animals requirement are well tolerated

-Metallozymes (enzymes with a metal) -cytochrome c oxidase -lysol oxidase -tyrosinase -catalase