Unit 4
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What happens at a convergent boundary (exps)
Earthquakes, subduction, nonvolcanic mountains, trench, volcanoes
What happens at a divergent boundary (exps)
Earthquakes, mid ocean ridge, rift valleys
What happens at a transform boundary (exps)
Earthquake, fault lines
What is total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of a woman has in her lifetime
What is Replacement-level fertility
TFR needed to offset deaths and keep the population stable
What are Replacement-level fertility numbers
MDCs= 2.1 LDCs= less than 2.1
What is crude birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 people in a population
What is life expectancy
The number of years a person is alive
What is infant mortality rate (IMR)
The number of babies out of 1000 born who die before their 1st birthday
What crude death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population
What is factory fishing
Highly industrialized, huge vessels capture fish in big volumes to process and freeze fish while at sea
What are driftnets
Nets hang vertically from floats, unattached to the sea floor Catches a wide variety Lots of bycatch
What is trawling
Net is attached to the back of a boat and pulled through the water
What is midwater (pelagic) trawling
Towed through free water
What is bottom (benthic) trawling
Towed along the sea floor
What is purse seining
Net is weighed down with a series of rings. The line is pulled that draws the net together. Schools of fish Bycatch is dolphins
What are longlines
A long line of baited hooks attached at intervals. Can be placed at different heights Bycatch is seabirds
What is Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Fishing efforts and harvest match the amount of fish produced by reproduction To cause no further decline in populations
What are marine protected areas (MPA)
Areas where no one can fish
Effects of marine protected areas
Employs previous fishers in research and enforcement Sets aside critical habitat long-term Increased fish biomass and total catches outside of the MPA