Alternative Centres of Power
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WHAT IS ‘MARSHALL PLAN’?
US plan in order to improve european economy created a new collective security structure under NATO European integration after 1945
the Marshall Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation(OEEC) was established in
1948 to channel aid to the west European states
The Council of Europe, established in………., was another step forward in political cooperation.
1949
formation of the European Economic Community in
1957
establishment of the European Union in .
1992 *The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005, slightly larger than that of the United States. *HAS own flag , currency[euro] ,motto and anthem
EU MILITARY POWER
Two members of the EU, Britain and France, hold permanent seats on the UN Security Council.[nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads.] *Its total spending on defence is second after the US. *
FLAG OF EU
The flag is a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background, representing the unity of the peoples of Europe, peace and harmony]
INSTANCES OF EU AND MEMEBERS NOT BEING IN SAME TERMS -
1.Britain’s Prime Minister Tony Blair was America’s partner in the Iraq invasion, and many of the EU’s newer members made up the USled ‘coalition of the willing’ whereas Germany and France opposed American policy. 2. Britain’s former prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, kept the UK out of the European Market. 3. Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the euro, the common European currency. The EU has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012
ASEAN new members taking its strength to 10
Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia joined ASEAN taking its strength to ten[10]
what is ‘ASEAN Way’?
** a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.**
ASEAN moved along the path of the EU by agreeing to establish an ASEAN Community comprising three pillars, namely-
[2003] 1. the ASEAN Security Community, 2. the ASEAN Economic Community 3. the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
ASEAN was established in
1967 by five countries — Indonesia Malaysia the Philippines Singapore Thailand by signing the Bangkok Declaration
When did ASEAN had several agreements in place by which member states promised to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference, and respect for national differences and sovereign rights.
2003
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was established in
1994 ** Its Vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community**
India has tried to make amends. It signed FTAs with two ASEAN members,
singapore thailand It is trying to sign an FTA with ASEAN itself.
China’s economic growth
• People’s Republic of China in 1949, following the communist revolution under the leadership of Mao, its economy was based on the Soviet model. • major moveChina ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972. • Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the ‘four modernisations’(agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973. 4.By 1978, the then leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms in China. China’s economic success since 1978 has been linked to its rise as *It is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040.
Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the four modernisations
‘four modernisations’(agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973.
leader Deng Xiaoping announced the** ‘open door’ policy** and economic reforms in China in
1978
when did china did privatisation of agriculture and industry
The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998. total of 6 SEZs in China. China’s accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a further step in its opening to the outside world. stability of the ASEAN economies after the 1997 financial crisis
Bilateral trade between India and China
Bilateral trade between India and China has increased from $338 million in 1992 to more than $18 billion in 2006. India’s nuclear tests in 1998
japan success
• the second largest economy in the world. 2.It is the only Asian member of the G-8. • It is the tenth most populous nation in the world. • Japan has a security alliance with the US since 1951.
As per Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution
“the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.”
when did country signed the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
[1951 April]Six west European countries, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
when did These six countries sign the Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
1957, march 25