Exam Review I

• Different approaches to nutrition all share the belief that proper nutrition is needed to achieve optimal health

• Dietetics contributes to the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of illness • Uses scientific principles and mathods

• eg. traditional chinese medicine and ayurveda • Holistic approach to restoring balance • individual diets must be made taking in to consideration lifestyle, environment, climate and season

• involves a holistic approach • Considers physical, psychological, social, economic and cultural factors • Applies the therapeutic and preventative potential of food

• Adequacy • Balance • Energy control • Nutrient density • Moderation • Variety

• the healing power of nature • first do no harm • treat the cause not the symptoms • treat the whole person • prevention is better than cure

• views a complex system as being nother but the sum of its parts • This approach has led to the association of a food with only one single nutrient e.g. dairy products with calcium

• ancient systems such as traditional chinese medicine, ayurvedic medicine and ancient greek medicine

• Primary refers to the resources which support plant growth and therefore support food production • eg land, soil, air, warmth • Secondary is the resources we apply to the environment • eg labour, capital, fertilizers, machinery

• biological fertility • organisms that live in the soil perform many functions such as degrading pesticides, controlling pathogens and fixing atmospheric nitrogen • chemical fertility • availability of elements for plant uptake • physical fertility • physical properties and processes of soil affect soil fertility

• increase organic matter of the soil • crop rotations and management practices that decrease the suitability of soil for plant pathogens • minimise erosion as soil organisms are often in the surface layers

• planned order of specific crops planted on the same field • individual crops deplete particular nutrients from soils, therefore rotating salvages nutrients thus decreasing the need for fertiliser • Advantages • ​prevent soil depletion/erosion • helps to control weeds • reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals No disadvan noted

• based on high yields of plant and animal produce with use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides • Benefits include high produce and profits and reduced labour requirements • Disadvantages are that soil quality is not looked after

• Defined as sources of plant nutrients • Plants require lots of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium • Before fertilisers traditional methods like crop rotations was used • Higher crop yield means that more nutrients must be replaced within the soil

• chemical residues affecting plant and animal life on land and in the sea • soil degredation • erosion • soil acidification • loss of fertility • animal welfare issues

• They are based on sustainable agriculture and farming techniques • For example • low input farming systems • biodynamic systems • organic systems • hydroponics

• cultivation of plants in nutrient solutions without use of soil • “soilless growth” • Nutrients provided in liquid solutions or porous material such as sand or gravel • Culture techniques include sub irrigation, water culture and slop method • Advantages • ​increase productivity • control of environmental conditions • production of plants out of season Edible crops being grown hydroponically in Australia include lettuces, tomatoes, cucumbers and strawberries.

• excludes the use of synthetic pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, genetically modified seeds and animal breeds, and irradiation • rely on ecosystem management, including the use of pesticides and fertilizers derived from plants, animal wastes, and minerals • It is believed that organic foods have greater health benefits though it is hard to say certainly • There is evidence to show the lower amounts of pesticide residue, cadmium and other chemicals on the crops and also from bodily fluids after consumption

• Regenerative agriculture (holistic approach) • the farmer and gardener brings the substances and forces of nature into a quality and sustainable production

• Foods that are marketed as being organic must be certified • australian certifiers include NASAA and australian certificed organic

• New information standard was set in 2016 - free range eggs must have been laid by hens that had meaningful and regular access to an outdoor range, and were subject to an outdoor stocking density of 10,000 hens per hectare or less • Prior to this, free range meant different things depending on the producer

• Residue means small amounts of agricultural or veterinary chemicals or chemical products that remain in or on an agricultural product • e.g. antibiotics used to control animal bacterial diseases • insecticides • herbicides • hormonal growth promotants used as veterinary medicines to improve livestock growth • Maximum Residue Levels are governed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) • these food standards are then enforced by states and territories Desprite levels of residues being controlled, we are exposed to a large variety of them

• protect crops from attack from pests, both before and after harvest • eg insects, slugs, worms • Health risks • possible increased parkinsons risk • possible increased risk of cancers • possible increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders eg ADHD • To reduce pesticide ingestion • trim fat from meat and skin from poultry and fish • wash produce in warm running water • do not bite into the peel of things such as oranges • discard outer leaves of leafy vegetables • peel waxed fruit • buy organic

• used for treatment and prevention of diseae in livestock • Concerns for antibiotic use are • development of antibiotic resistant bacteria which may be transmitted to the human • antibiotic residues in food