W1 - Lecture 1 - Grain yield in cereal crops
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cereal production in Ireland (2007-2024 history)
• 2024 – variable yields with moderate prices • 2023 moderate yields, mixed quality, bad harvest, moderate prices • 2022 excellent yields, high quality, excellent weather, high N cost, HIGH grain prices • 2021-good to excellent yields, good quality, good weather, high prices • 2020 ~ moderate yields, variable quality, moderate prices • 2019 high yields, good (variable) quality with moderate prices • 2018 15-30% lower yields with higher prices, straw + • 2017 good yields and quality with low prices • 2016 moderate yields with low prices • 2015 excellent (v high) yields with low-moderate prices • 2014 excellent yields , low-moderate prices • 2013 moderate- good yields , good prices • 2012 wet year / high costs / reduced yields / low quality / HIGH prices • 2011 very good yields and good prices • 2010 below average yields and good prices • 2008-2009 – mixed yields / low-moderate prices and increasing costs • 2007 – BAD harvest with high prices
what was the best year in cereal production recently
2022 o Best year in last 3 or 4 decades o Yields, weather, harvest, prices good
what are disease control challenges
demanding climate and evolving pathogens
what weather do most diseases like
moisture and wetter weather
what are 2 factors that farmers has no control over and 1 factor that farmers can control
• Weather has a huge influence - No control over it - Harvest weather is a huge factor. • Prices - High price/ low price • Yield - Farmers can control yield – focus a lot on this
what does the colour of dust at harvest time tell about the timing of harvesting?
White dust – right time for harvesting Black dust- gone past harvesting
what % of EU production of does ireland produce
1%
how much € do you need to get to break even
€180
what word best describes the cereal market
volatile
why is price higher in May and how much does it cost
Price is higher in may because you have to store grain – cost 20/30 euro a tonne to store
what does barley, oats and wheat have high value of and what is it used for and what does barley, oats and wheat have low value of
all have high value grain for feeding and processing • low value straw
what is the grain harvest index
of the total yield, the grain yield is over 50% - this is called the grain harvest index
what is the aim in crop husbandry
in crop husbandry of a cereal crop the aim is to optimise the grain yield and quality at harvest
how is development of cereal crops changed
Development is seen as changes in a crop form brought about by passage through the life cycle – vegetative and floral (ear) development
Growth Stages - slide 15 - Must know!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
GS39 most important - flag leaf
how is changes in growth of cereal crops seen? what does this result from?
Growth is seen as changes in the crop size or weight – results from photosynthesis – needs light interception by a green crop canopy
how can development of a cereal crop be managed? why does development of a cereal crop need to be understood
Development can only be managed by sowing date and variety choice but needs to be understood for good crop management
how can growth of a cereal crop be managed what does growth dominate?
Growth can be managed by various husbandry practices over the growing season growth dominates the management of cereal crops in practice
what sort of varieties should be sown if: sowing early sowing late
Sowing early– slow developing variety Sowing late – fast developing variety
what is growth
growth is visual
if sown on 1st of October when should you have a flag leaf
• If sown on oct 1st – should have a flag leaf on21st may give or take