L6

a variant of a gene controlling the same trait. Alleles usually occur in pairs.

only carry one allele for each gene

remain constant from generation to generation unless there is some type of evolutionary force acting upon them

Organisms mate randomly with each other, with no preference for particular genotypes.

No new alleles are generated by mutation, nor are genes duplicated or deleted.

the complete set of genetic information contained within the individuals in a population

Preference for different genotypes or phenotypes

can introduce new gene combinations and alter allele frequencies if mating is assortative

Individuals do not always mate randomly; when a particular phenotype is preferred in mates, genotype frequencies will be affected

Neither individuals nor their gametes (e.g., windborne pollen) enter or exit the population.

All alleles confer equal fitness (make organisms equally likely to survive and reproduce).

will only produce a phenotype if there is no dominant allele present

maybe neutral, detrimental, or advantageous, depending on the environment (environmental changes may favor different alleles than those previously favored)

Change in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA); changes in RNA or DNA base sequence

Random change in allele frequencies in a gene pool

Living organisms adapt and change in response to environmental conditions for survivability

Movement of genes into or out of a population, due to either the movement of individual organisms or their gametes (eggs and sperm, e.g., through pollen dispersal by a plant)

a drastic reduction in population (caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, etc.)

Phenotype or Genotype: Huntington’s disease

Phenotype or Genotype: Carrier of Cystic Fibrosis

How do we calculate Allele Frequency?

Give the 5 Major Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

The population should be effectively infinite in size.

preferential mating between close relatives