Alcohols
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What is the functional group of an alcohol?
-OH
Are alcohols reactive?
Yes
General formula of an alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH
Suffix for naming an alcohol?
-ol
Prefix for naming an alcohol?
hydroxy-
What is propane-1,2,3-triol also known as?
Glycerol
Describe the shape of an alcohol.
Oxygen has two bonding pairs and two lone pairs. C-O-H angle is 105. H-C-H angle is 109.5 Lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs.
What are alcohols classified as?
Primary Secondary Tertiary
What is a primary alcohol?
Primary alcohols are alcohols where 1 carbon is attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.
What is a secondary alcohol?
Secondary alcohols are alcohols where 2 carbon are attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.
What is a tertiary alcohol?
Tertiary alcohols are alcohols where 3 carbon are attached to the carbon adjoining the oxygen.
Describe the physical properties of an alcohol.
Hydrogen bonding occurs between alcohols. -OH group can hydrogen bond to water molecules. In longer chain alcohols, the non-polar hydrocarbon dominates and the alcohol becomes insoluble in water.
What is ethanol used for?
Manufacturing other organic chemicals. e.g. Perfumes Drugs Detergents
How is ethanol made?
It is made industrially by reacting ethene (made from cracking crude oil) with steam using a catalyst of phosphoric acid. It is also made from sugars by fermentation as in the production of alcoholic drinks.
Compare the methods of making ethanol from crude oil or from carbohydrates.
Crude oil = cracking and hydration. Carbohydrates = Fermentation and distillation.
Compare the rate of reaction of making ethanol from crude oil or from carbohydrates.
Crude oil = fast Carbohydrates = Slow
Compare the type of process of making ethanol from crude oil or from carbohydrates.
Crude oil = Continuous Carbohydrates = Batch
Compare the purity of making ethanol from crude oil or from carbohydrates.
Crude oil = essentially pure Carbohydrates = aqueous solution of ethanol produced.
Why is ethene a vital industrial chemical?
It is the starting material for polyethene.
How is ethene produced renewably?
Dehydrating ethanol made from sugar.
What is a biofuel?
A fuel derived or produced from renewable biological sources.
What is an elimination reaction?
A small molecule leaves the parent molecule. In the case of alcohols, the molecule is always water.
Elimination reactions of alcohols are always __________?
Dehydration
How are alcohols dehydrated?
Using excess hot sulfuric acid or by passing their vapours over heated aluminium oxide.