C1.2 Cell Respiration - Pre-IB Biology Work
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What is the structure of ATP?
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
What type of bonds connect ATP’s phosphate groups?
High-energy covalent bonds.
How is energy released from ATP?
By hydrolysis of the outer phosphate.
Why are adenine and ribose important in ATP?
They provide enzyme binding sites for reactions.
What nickname is often given to ATP?
The “energy currency” of the cell.
How is ATP used in biosynthesis?
To build macromolecules from monomers.
How is ATP involved in active transport?
It powers pumps that move molecules against gradients.
How does ATP aid vesicular transport?
It helps reform or break membranes during endocytosis and exocytosis.
What movement processes require ATP?
Muscle contraction and chromosome separation.
How does ATP support nerve function?
It maintains resting potential via ion pumps.
What is a coenzyme?
A non-protein molecule that helps enzymes transfer energy or groups.
What is ADP?
The unloaded form of ATP, formed by removing one phosphate.
What happens during ATP hydrolysis?
ATP → ADP + Pi, releasing energy.
What is the released energy used for?
To reduce activation energy and power metabolic processes.
How is ATP reformed?
ADP + Pi → ATP via condensation using energy from respiration.
What happens when ATP becomes ADP?
Energy is released.
What happens when ADP becomes ATP?
Energy is stored.
What does the ATP-ADP cycle represent?
A coenzyme cycle that transfers energy for metabolism.
What is cell respiration?
Controlled release of energy from carbon compounds to make ATP.
What is the main goal of respiration?
To convert chemical energy in food into usable ATP.
How is ATP formed in respiration?
ADP + Pi → ATP using energy from broken-down carbon compounds.
What is the primary fuel for respiration?
Carbohydrates, especially glucose.
How do lipids compare as a fuel?
They yield more ATP per gram but are harder to break down.
Why are proteins less preferred for energy?
They produce toxic nitrogenous waste and are less efficient.