Earth Science

the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

the gradual wearing away and removal of rock at the surface of Earth

a type of rock formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

molten rock above Earth’s surface

the process in which sediments come together to form sedimentary rock

a layer of earth consisting of the crust and the lithospheric mantle

molten rock located below Earth’s surface

a type of rock formed by heat and pressure

a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid substance

The original rock that has undergone metamorphism.

an idealised series of processes undergone by rocks in Earth’s crust that change rocks from one type to another

a type of rock formed by the accumulation and lithification of sediment

a geological process at convergent boundaries where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another plate

a large ocean wave (or series of waves) caused by the displacement of large amounts of water, typically due to an earthquake or large landslide

the gradual breakdown of rock while it remains in the same place; weathering can be caused by many things, including heating, cooling, wind, rain, chemical reactions, plant roots and human activity

The theory that the continents were once joined to form the supercontinent ‘Pangea’, then broke apart into several continents over millions of years and drifted to their current positions.

• Shapes of continents matching up at coastlines • Similar plants and animal fossils of the same age across continents • Mountain chains and rock types matching up

Growing closer

Growing apart

Sliding along each other

Divergent boundaries: Oceanic oceanic - mid-ocean ridge, undersea volcanoes Continental continental - rift valley, volcanoes

Convergent boundaries: Oceanic continental - oceanic trench (where crust sinks), volcanic arc (inland, wherre melted rock rises), oceanic crust sinks Oceanic oceanic - oceanic trench (where crust sinks), volcanic island arc (islands formed by underwater volcanoes), denser crust sinks Continental continental - mountain ranges, both crusts don’t sink and form high mountains

Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic

Clastic: formed from sediments of pre-existing rock, clasified by the size of sedimental grains (or clasts) Biological: formed from remains of dead organisms (plant or animal) Chemical: formed from dissolved minerals when water evaporates