1.1 Solids, Liquids, And Gases
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What are the distinguishing properties of solids?
Solids have: • fixed volume and shape • high density • particles vibrate when heated • particles are packed closely together in a fixed and regular pattern
How do liquids differ from solids in terms of volume, shape, and particle movement?
• Liquids have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container • less dense than solids • their particles move and slide past each other, allowing the liquid to flow freely
What are the properties of gases ?
• do not have a fixed volume • have very low density • are compressible • have particles that are far apart and move randomly and quickly in all directions • particles collide with each other and the container walls
Describe the process of melting in terms of kinetic particle theory.
• occurs when a solid changes into a liquid • requires heat energy to transform into KE, allowing the particles to move. • this happens at the melting point
What happens during boiling?
• When a liquid changes into a gas • heat causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface, allowing liquid particles to escape • occurs at the boiling point
What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
• Boiling occurs at a specific temperature (boiling point) throughout the liquid • Evaporation occurs over a range of temperatures and only at the surface, even below the boiling point
Explain condensation in terms of kinetic particle theory
• Occurs when a gas cools and changes into a liquid • As the gas cools, particles lose energy and group together to form a liquid, taking place over a range of temperatures
What is sublimation and give an example?
• Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas. • for example, iodine and solid carbon dioxide • the reverse process is called deposition
How does temperature affect the volume of a gas?
As temperature, the kinetic energy of gas particles increases, causing the volume of the gas to expand
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases in a closed container?
When the volume decreases, gas particles hit the container walls more frequently, causing the pressure to increase
Why does sublimation occur in certain substances like iodine or dry ice, and not in others?
• They have weak intermolecular forces that allow particles to transition directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.
In terms of solid becoming liquid, when temperature is increased, what happens?
When temperature is increased, inter particle force decreases and when this is weak enough it cannot hold the particles tightly together, then solid will convert into liquid.
In terms of gas becoming a liquid, when temperature decreases, what happens?
When temperature decreases, Kinetic energy decreases, and inter particle force increases and becomes strong enough that it will not allow particles to escape from the surface which will convert into liquid
What is melting temperature equal to?
Melting temperature = freezing temperature
What is the boiling temperature equal to?
Boiling temperature = Condensation temperature
What is inter and intra particle force?
Inter-particle( b/w particles) force is a physical change Intraparticle( b/w atoms) force is chemical change
Define diffusion.
Random movement of particles from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration
What is diffusion an evidence of?
Diffusion is an evidence that every substance is made of particles
Define rate.
Change in physical quantity with respect to time
Define evaporation,
• The process where a liquid changes into a gas (vapor) at the surface, occurring at any temperature below its boiling point
Define boiling.
• The rapid physical change of a substance from liquid to gas (vapor) that occurs throughout the entire liquid at a fixed temperature (the boiling point)