Module 4 Chapter 11
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Why is carbon the basis for all organic molecules (1)
Carbons easily form chains and rings because they form strong bonds with other carbon atoms.
Why is carbon the basis for all organic molecules (2)
They also form covalent bonds with atoms of other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and the halogens
Why is carbon the basis for all organic molecules (3)
Carbon atoms form four links with other atoms. And this allows more atoms to be attached to the chains and rings so that the branches and other groups can be added.
What types of bonds can carbon form
Carbon atoms can form single, double or triple bonds.
How many electrons are involved in the 3 different types of covalent bonds
One shared pair of electrons = single bond Two shared pairs of electrons = double bond Three shared pairs of electrons = triple bond
What is the empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of the number of atoms in each element in a compound
What is the molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a displayed formula
Shows the order in which atoms are bonded (must show every bond). It also shows the relative positions of all atoms in a molecule and bonds between them.
What is a structural formula
Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
What is skeletal formula
Shows a line for each bond but no carbon atoms or hydrogens next to carbons are shown. All other atoms are shown.
What are hydrocarbons (and examples)
They are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. They include alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and arenas.
What does crude oil consist of
Crude oil consists of lots of hydrocarbons
What are cycloalkanes
Are alkanes where the two ends are joined to make a ring
What are Arenes
They are an organic molecule that contains one or more benzene ring in which 6 carbon atoms are joined in a ring. Each carbon atom is only joined to three other atoms so each carbon has one outer shell electron left over.
What do these delocalised electrons do
They are shared between all 6 carbon atoms to make a delocalised pool of electrons shown by the circle in the middle of the ring.
What is a ring with delocalised electrons like this called
An aromatic ring
What does a benzene ring look like
DRAW IT
What is an aromatic compound
A compound containing a benzene ring
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons
Containing carbon atoms joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains and are not aromatic
What are alicyclic hydrocarbons
Contain carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic
What is a saturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbons that only has single bonds only. No further atoms can be added to the molecule without removing one of the atoms already there.
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds (double or triple bonds), the spare electrons in the multiple bond can be used to add more atoms to the molecule.
What is the general formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
What is a functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound